子集计数 （单位根反演，分圆多项式，分块打表阶乘法）

题面

求在集合 { 1 , 2 , 3 , . . . , n } \{1,2,3,...,n\} {1,2,3,...,n} 中选一个大小为 $m$ 的子集，子集和在模 $n$ 意义下为 $k$ 的方案数，取模 $998244353$。

$1\le m\le n\le 998244353,0\le k<n$.

题解

笔者有史以来遇见过的最难搞的数论题。（看来还是我太菜了）

我们先从答案的生成函数推起，根据题意，我们可以列一个二元生成函数：

$$F(x,y)=\prod _{i=1}^n(1+x^{i}y)$$

那么子集大小为 m ，和为 k 的方案数就为 $[[x^k{y}^m]]F(x,y)$ ，这里笔者用 $[[x^i{y}^j]]F(x,y)$ 表示 $F(x,y)$ 的 x 次数为 i 、y 次数为 j 的项的系数。那么答案为：

$$Ans=\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }[i\%n=k][[x^i{y}^m]]F(x,y)$$

单位根反演

第一步，我们用单位根反演：$[n|k]=\frac{1}{n}{\sum }_{i=1}^n{\omega }_n^{ik}$ ，把它代入，调换下枚举顺序，应该不难理解：

$$\frac{1}{n}\sum _{j=1}^n\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }{\omega }_n^{j(i-k)}[[x^i{y}^m]]F(x,y)$$

把 $(i-k)$ 括号打开：

$$\frac{1}{n}\sum _{j=1}^n{\omega }_n^{-jk}\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }{\omega }_n^{ij}[[x^i{y}^m]]F(x,y)$$

把函数 $F(x,y)$ 代进去：

$$\frac{1}{n}\sum _{j=1}^n{\omega }_n^{-jk}\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }{\omega }_n^{ij}[[x^i{y}^m]](\prod _{l=1}^n(1+x^{l}y))$$

这里我们可以把 ${\omega }_n^{ij}$ 拆开，${\omega }_n^{ij}={\omega }_n^{l_{1}j}{\omega }_n^{l_{2}j}{\omega }_n^{l_{3}j}...(l_1+l_2+l_3+...=i)$，那么就可以等价地把它放进多项式里，这样多项式的 $[[x^i{y}^m]]$ 项系数就自动带了个 ${\omega }_n^{ij}$ 了：

$$\frac{1}{n}\sum _{j=1}^n{\omega }_n^{-jk}\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }[[x^i{y}^m]](\prod _{l=1}^n(1+{\omega }_n^{jl}{x}^{l}y))$$

这时候我们把多项式的 $[[x^1{y}^m]],[[x^2{y}^m]],[[x^3{y}^m]]...$ 项系数全都加起来，x 的次数已经没有太大意义了，那我们就不需要 x 这个未知数了，直接设 x=1，去掉它，变成一个一元多项式：

$$\frac{1}{n}\sum _{j=1}^n{\omega }_n^{-jk}[[y^m]](\prod _{i=1}^n(1+{\omega }_n^{ij}y))$$

虽然 ${\prod }_{i=1}^n(1+{\omega }_n^{ij})$ 这种形式不太优美，但是 ${\prod }_{i=1}^n(1+{\omega }_n^i)$ 却有很多好性质，比如可以用分圆多项式化简，那我们想怎么去掉这个 j ，取 j 和 n 的 gcd：

$$\frac{1}{n}\sum _{d|n}\sum _{j=1}^{n/d}[(j,n/d)=1]{\omega }_{n/d}^{-jk}[[y^m]](\prod _{i=1}^{n/d}(1+{\omega }_{n/d}^{ij}y){)}^d$$

因为若 $\gcd (j,n)=1$，则集合 { j , 2 j , 3 j , . . . , ( n − 1 ) j } \{j,2j,3j,...,(n-1)j\} {j,2j,3j,...,(n−1)j} 模 n 意义下等于集合 { 1 , 2 , 3 , . . . , n − 1 } \{1,2,3,...,n-1\} {1,2,3,...,n−1}，这是互质数的一条性质，那么我们就可以等价地把 j 去掉了：

$$\frac{1}{n}\sum _{d|n}\sum _{j=1}^{n/d}[(j,n/d)=1]{\omega }_{n/d}^{-jk}[[y^m]](\prod _{i=1}^{n/d}(1+{\omega }_{n/d}^{i}y){)}^d$$

分圆多项式

我们想想怎么利用分圆多项式：
$$x^n-1=\prod _{i=1}^n(x-{\omega }_n^i)$$

把 $\omega$ 后面提出个 $-y$ 来放后面：

$$=\frac{1}{n}\sum _{d|n}\sum _{j=1}^{n/d}[(j,n/d)=1]{\omega }_{n/d}^{-jk}[[y^m]]((\prod _{i=1}^{n/d}(-\frac{1}{y}-{\omega }_{n/d}^i){)}^d(-y{)}^n)$$

那么令 $x=-\frac{1}{y}$ ，代入分圆多项式：

$$=\frac{1}{n}\sum _{d|n}\sum _{j=1}^{n/d}[(j,n/d)=1]{\omega }_{n/d}^{-jk}[[y^m]](((-\frac{1}{y}{)}^{n/d}-1{)}^d(-y{)}^n)$$

少了个 $\prod$ 真爽，接下来再把 $(-y{)}^n$ 还回来：

$$=\frac{1}{n}\sum _{d|n}\sum _{j=1}^{n/d}[(j,n/d)=1]{\omega }_{n/d}^{-jk}[[y^m]](1-(-y{)}^{n/d}{)}^d$$

既然跟 j 无关了，不如把它放到前面去：

$$=\frac{1}{n}\sum _{d|n}[[y^m]](1-(-y{)}^{n/d}{)}^d\sum _{j=1}^{n/d}[(j,n/d)=1]{\omega }_{n/d}^{-jk}$$

后面那个 $\sum$ 紧跟的式子我们可以用莫比乌斯反演。（笔者的莫反从不一步写）

莫比乌斯反演

老套路，先设一个函数 $f$:
$$f(e)=\sum _{j=1}^{n/d}[(j,n/d)=e]{\omega }_{n/d}^{-jk}$$

令 $g(e)={\sum }_{e|i}f(i)$，那么：

$$g(e)=\sum _{j=1}^{n/d}[e|(j,n/d)]{\omega }_{n/d}^{-jk}=[e|n/d]\sum _{j=1}^{n/de}{\omega }_{n/d}^{-jek}$$

代入莫反公式：$f(x)={\sum }_{x|e}g(e)\mu (e/x)$，那么后面那个 $\sum$ 式子就为：

$$ans=f(1)=\sum _{e|\frac{n}{d}}\mu (e/1)\sum _{j=1}^{n/de}{\omega }_{n/de}^{-jk}$$

再用一次单位根反演 （正演）,注意公式前的分数要带进去：
$$=\sum _{e|\frac{n}{d}}\mu (e)\frac{n}{de}[\frac{n}{de}|k]$$
我们最后把这个 $\sum$ 代入总答案，一切变得明朗了。

二项式定理

代入过后：
$$Ans=\frac{1}{n}\sum _{d|n}[[y^m]](1-(-y{)}^{n/d}{)}^d\sum _{e|\frac{n}{d}}\mu (e)\frac{n}{de}[\frac{n}{de}|k]$$

使用二项式定理，不用解释了吧，把函数部分变一下：

$$=\frac{1}{n}\sum _{d|n}[[y^m]](\sum _{i=0}^d(-(-y{)}^{n/d}{)}^{i}C(d,i))\sum _{e|\frac{n}{d}}\mu (e)\frac{n}{de}[\frac{n}{de}|k]$$

那么第 m 次项系数就可以直接表示出来：

$$=\frac{1}{n}\sum _{d|n}[\frac{n}{d}|m](-1{)}^{md/n+m}C(d,md/n)\sum _{e|\frac{n}{d}}\mu (e)\frac{n}{de}[\frac{n}{de}|k]$$

第二个 $\sum$ 的式子可以预处理出来，现在难题来了，怎么算组合数？

⭐分块打表⭐

令块大小为 $B$ ，我们提前把 $B!,(2B)!,(3B)!,...(98244353-998244353\%B)!$ 都算出来，放在 const int num[MOD/B+5] 数组里，然后我们每次算组合数时，需要求阶乘，如果要求 $n!$ 相当于求 $(kB)!\cdot {\prod }_{i=kB+1}^{n}i(k=[\frac{n}{B}])$ ，$(kB)!$ 的值可以直接查表，剩下的就是 $O(B)$ 计算尾巴了。

由于代码不能过长，因此量力而行，我们令 $B=316000$ 就行了。然后，为了优化复杂度，我们把 $\le 2e7$ 的阶乘预处理出来。于是就可以很快地算出组合数了，再根据式子枚举 n 的因数计算答案，时间复杂度 $O(可过)$。

CODE

(别尝试往右翻，表很长，30 Kb)

#include<set>
#include<map>
#include<cmath>
#include<ctime>
#include<queue>
#include<vector>
#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
#include<iostream>
#include<algorithm>
using namespace std;
#define MAXN 100005
#define MAXM 20000005
#define DB double
#define LL long long
#define ENDL putchar('\n')
#define lowbit(x) (-(x) & (x))
#pragma GCC optimize(2)
LL read() {
	LL f = 1,x = 0;char s = getchar();
	while(s < '0' || s > '9') {if(s=='-')f = -f;s = getchar();}
	while(s >= '0' && s <= '9') {x=x*10+(s-'0');s = getchar();}
	return f * x;
}
const int MOD = 998244353;
const int Bl = 316000;
const int 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46665013,192662843,320221503,912872591,519304638,287894621,254777303,762407896,986632430,691910625,691121869,553637553,737827945,397783211,534172250,683285246,455428229,445446875,763158179,864356980,606648126,677943367,51182709,167299594,355585204,851305590,229272960,938550316,334954393,368648353,495184757,168690721,209875051,820009741,415869573,445860530,126341029,92079624,650417770,349724742,167846700,29721248,986234083,897376346,5944326,14177511,681214511,752013195,56600160,540582474,85305504,178118518,833733855,609444026,191235276,921316943,577615607,535465765,125797433,451011278,201818382,848416325,322356321,870325825,942165579,368760436,928358816,362977868,514372183,699679224,489438868,568391641,602256609,986724034,625951713,200330749,279510853,904611692,880622164,418817424,927276635,644242276,879128193,191144186,16349825,802311645,875744429,519997825,944003250,311574944,450911513,842599286,151328844,167676984,976583501,219585583,938275847,9180178,323628232,520596013,246570605,674879865,208324160,908408760,717992630,83192485,887296073,830091985,357743440,348687669,89747090,695667017,501550129,128218122,538630412,344500341,174043437,800482096,398918248,351453982,520459660,508647333,164648322,733746295,685762628,257705130,152257980,574286577,767593586,606864282,417113902,703544035,826623144,309194388,399184420,339102112,485553103,205298022,66183426,206570274,558571415,345347115,50044776,24140102,709258738,904866433,622016948,306296738,570701100,410750980,490290566,228312256,802694845,241033847,499708424,540962976,688747333,885525964,12453492,52629002,747376262,787655948,609161660,641849996,315146740,468986506,986137727,7856639,304793660,339404623,844489212,169493305,572698182,294483047,380875755,279304015,687462613,425411433,194250463,561826741,543820666,141040611,509618792,514152544,18043691,746124982,523784809,938934405,360611069,429243438,338950415,184440069,288757115,654107746,428971624,293595306,485312070,100840269,943555571,618424610,97901875,896978562,503100156,315523596,390009965,896842277,755098025,321986922,182854493,904335546,54346776,368633886,400536758,270824027,590552636,886298819,337948637,442815047,40969469,873111668,329492055,696806297,868092787,682858433,92883145,641877204,628010056,749702736,61267399,681762340,690515930,404992495,149953124,121888515,642102746,621696325,709762210,894206476,705041685,320094631,613256880,922608826,574164707,42211004,863484243,37009381,290427489,360639199,754876804,552832615,377921151,711800106,659462803,960952823,400150404,803194741,747656204,28269002,202650897,184368014,301943729,772229432,201733817,639462878,442766456,917236567,676595977,4828913,27742412,200450998,895203988,468644820,506860318,589512887,914426859,796443969,955700864,96013565,223242760,247201836,28523613,963448100,388996457,956987013,924157903,361317325,878375341,364515930,951331588,844935028,99312290,252120579,597875312,502997084,247887509,949565901,632302266,863334664,259132453,948002500,115769108,410428605,752588108,864601803,350904975,944717570,841675473,912851775,525664632,363499606,760830018,349104426,471249782,214690966,136249240,386106792,473173087,758775773,380376404,673388547,642352476,517766499,561113591,877517411,692480145,877170555,672492580,150918856,626835761,101395239,431041064,79010204,387946098,205915125,791289558,286479604,429197372,911853575,767382538,703233596,686734479,924629843,613715994,119874001,243268188,108680015,281033625,293320373,238704768,734267428,778320043,434015404,650018731,203380567,974050704,119168760,958584290,343207027,242690982,59043151,180603269,362509858,436288916,411979514,818595262,162477868,46103520,444491127,500611180,614655064,282276996,445454325,294244422,170060686,35989605,378280605,30283599,142379647,499001900,929479700,178279077,911030963,951714946,73142424,445470188,108327829,806257444,550420138,38849674,103099474,687566609,148572441,843978085,751014876,362935374,72725725,995545226,141660882,563171665,708227862,511775027,27808875,92731251,607372762,73399589,910166483,685253522,488446219,522155616,91463258,476731587,639753891,247981186,269957994,499437132,296702828,537131907,837367380,593532731,703416676,83896827,84507607,163382770,800849725,873753319,325276164,446980066,416031250,158278300,432780531,864527743,953019414,885060228,167056720,617128881,544790642,214365472,178246515,361171991,152140136,433527771,252838170,962123529,327975241,462121020,319990706,254625300,579219013,747850033,807500203,489229659,188245623,49258233,645358475,525395585,564487090,824825671,119789570,172594424,444646650,47831803,569947125,751013465,653251732,764237294,195598586,313768713,694463933,45598162,958995702,571300636,735572831,348150463,283614605,583451793,61645354,693673943,218571773,466144347,452658431,520740880,137568014,502304761,945872252,380750836,393957031,158322114,676031059,826543976,419805966,964069000,349456263,276289970,93157436,977581174,767392528,850465892,831719828,159296724,483327003,148997255,64831584,297604544,413676930,392379593,652065056,897861848,301646030,997018144,947860597,586127367,141132914,582636557,785401610,981902491,9477546,541746088,70176056,56756713,931594570,730936690,446070887,789130440,367169218,194496141,588263247,920658815,241205280,631139708,967888117,673526544,722784722,564137088,82681148,737614098,453580829,431031991,731855896,786132776,893890877,73865136,955841599,428554895,748326201,299605198,109981572,803425994,705427847,885899575,285745288,132512446,725875102,436257701,772990125,337794954,985666919,683064673,465966003,312903219,611909394,941686354,744839640,361377796,41740030,521601319,895789321,997601178,420165548,71669190,49894326,845311081,111814544,827997887,486479404,748642527,416217032,702238722,736129701,168164661,819174186,348173823,576947605,647147337,97650921,453343744,465473991,469558821,427792201,419106303,80681312,447354436,104026740,373236089,596668452,265993025,652001223,355661886,92227572,740840102,596449406,876562026,873988549,36101963,402854704,439462771,157653364,233375217,201284014,524115521,866330650,619145751,768720598,635718056,741830695,320973814,338370884,494956568,77238110,770125368,536223478,698179563,440199517,527390277,489612075,953625169,702418014,468110954,82162730,562948312,460709119,372198178,581087327,36961800};
int qkpow(int a,int b) {
	int res = 1;
	while(b > 0) {
		if(b & 1) res = res *1ll* a % MOD;
		a = a *1ll* a % MOD; b >>= 1; 
	}return res;
}
map<int,int> mp;
int fac[MAXM];
int n,m,i,j,s,o,k;
int a[Bl<<1],cnt;
int a_[Bl],cnt2;
bool f[Bl<<1];
int mu[Bl<<1],h[Bl<<1];
int Fac(int n) {
	if(n <= MAXM-5) return fac[n];
	int ad = n / Bl,ad2 = n % Bl,ad3 = n-ad2+1;
	int as = NUM[ad];
	for(int i = ad3;i <= n;i ++) as = as *1ll* i % MOD;
	return as;
}
int C(int n,int m) {
	if(m < 0 || m > n) return 0;
	return Fac(n) *1ll* qkpow(Fac(m),MOD-2) % MOD *1ll* qkpow(Fac(n-m),MOD-2) % MOD;
}
int main() {
	freopen("subset.in","r",stdin);
	freopen("subset.out","w",stdout);
	fac[0] = fac[1] = 1;
	for(int i = 2;i <= MAXM-5;i ++) fac[i] = fac[i-1] *1ll* i % MOD;
	n = read();m = read();k = read();
	if(k == 0) k = n;
	for(int i = 1;i*i <= n;i ++) {
		if(n % i == 0) {
			a[++ cnt] = i;
			if(n/i != i) a_[++ cnt2] = n/i;
		}
	}
	for(int i = 1;i <= cnt2;i ++) a[++ cnt] = a_[i];
	for(int i = 1;i <= cnt;i ++) {
		mp[a[i]] = i; mu[i] = 1;
	}
	f[1] = 1;
	for(int i = 1;i <= cnt;i ++) {
		if(!f[i]) {
			mu[i] = MOD-1;
			int nn = n / a[i];
			for(int j = 1;j*j <= nn;j ++) {
				if(nn % j == 0) {
					int y = mp[a[i]*j];
					if(y != i) {
						f[y] = 1;
						if(j % a[i]) mu[y] = (MOD-mu[y]) % MOD;
						else mu[y] = 0;
					}
					if(nn/j != j) {
						y = mp[a[i]*(nn/j)];
						f[y] = 1;
						if(nn/j % a[i]) mu[y] = (MOD-mu[y]) % MOD;
						else mu[y] = 0;
					}
				}
			}
		}
		if(!mu[i]) continue;
		int nn = n / a[i];
		for(int j = 1;j*j <= nn;j ++) {
			if(nn % j == 0) {
				int y = mp[a[i]*j];
				if(k % j == 0) (h[y] += mu[i]*1ll*j % MOD) %= MOD;
				if(nn/j != j) {
					y = mp[a[i]*(nn/j)];
					if(k % (nn/j) == 0) (h[y] += mu[i]*1ll*(nn/j) % MOD) %= MOD;
				}
			}
		}
	}
	int ans = 0;
	for(int i = 1;i <= cnt;i ++) {
		if(m % a[i] == 0) {
			int cc = C(n/a[i],m/a[i]);
			if((m/a[i]+m) & 1) cc = (MOD-cc) % MOD;
			(ans += cc *1ll* h[i] % MOD) %= MOD;
		}
	}
	ans = ans *1ll* qkpow(n,MOD-2) % MOD;
	printf("%d\n",ans);
	return 0;
}