二、 Redis概述安装
Ø Redis是一个开源的key-value存储系统。
Ø 和Memcached类似，它支持存储的value类型相对更多，包括string(字符串)、list(链表)、set(集合)、zset(sorted set --有序集合)和hash（哈希类型）。
Ø 这些数据类型都支持push/pop、add/remove及取交集并集和差集及更丰富的操作，而且这些操作都是原子性的。
Ø 在此基础上，Redis支持各种不同方式的排序。
Ø 与memcached一样，为了保证效率，数据都是缓存在内存中。
Ø 区别的是Redis会周期性的把更新的数据写入磁盘或者把修改操作写入追加的记录文件。
Ø 并且在此基础上实现了master-slave(主从)同步。
2.1 应用场景
2.1.1 配合关系型数据库做高速缓存
Ø 高频次，热门访问的数据，降低数据库IO
Ø 分布式架构，做session共享
2.1.2 多样的数据结构存储持久化数据
2.2 Redis安装
| Redis官方网站 | Redis中文官方网站 |
|---|---|
| http://redis.io | http://redis.cn/ |
2.2.1 安装版本
Ø 6.2.1 for Linux（redis-6.2.1.tar.gz）
Ø 不用考虑在windows环境下对Redis的支持
2.2.2 安装步骤
2.2.2.1 准备工作：下载安装最新版的gcc编译器
安装C 语言的编译环境
yum install gcc
apt install g
测试gcc版本
gcc version
2.2.2.2 下载redis-6.2.1.tar.gz放/opt目录
2.2.2.3 解压命令：tar -zxvf redis-6.2.1.tar.gz
2.2.2.4 解压完成后进入目录：cd redis-6.2.1
2.2.2.5 在redis-6.2.1目录下再次执行make命令（只是编译好）
2.2.2.6 如果没有准备好C语言编译环境，make会报错—Jemalloc/jemalloc.h：没有那个文件
2.2.2.7 解决方案：运行make distclean
2.2.2.8 在redis-6.2.1目录下再次执行make命令（只是编译好）
2.2.2.9 跳过make test 继续执行: make install
2.2.3 安装目录：/usr/local/bin
查看默认安装目录：
redis-benchmark:性能测试工具，可以在自己本子运行，看看自己本子性能如何
redis-check-aof：修复有问题的AOF文件，rdb和aof后面讲
redis-check-dump：修复有问题的dump.rdb文件
redis-sentinel：Redis集群使用
redis-server：Redis服务器启动命令
redis-cli：客户端，操作入口
2.2.4 前台启动（不推荐）
前台启动，命令行窗口不能关闭，否则服务器停止
2.2.5 后台启动（推荐）
2.2.5.1 备份redis.conf
拷贝一份redis.conf到其他目录
cp /opt/redis-3.2.5/redis.conf /myredis
2.2.5.2 后台启动设置daemonize no改成daemonize yes
修改redis.conf(128行)文件将里面的daemonize no 改成 yes，让服务在后台启动
2.2.5.3 Redis启动
redis-server /myredis/redis.conf
2.2.5.4 用客户端访问：redis-cli
2.2.5.5 多个端口可以：redis-cli -p6379
2.2.5.6 测试验证：ping
2.2.5.7 Redis 关闭
- 单实例关闭：
redis-cli shutdown
- 也可以进入终端后再关闭
- 多实例关闭，指定端口关闭：redis-cli -p 6379 shutdown
2.2.6 Redis介绍相关知识
-
端口6379从何而来 是手机键盘上的
MERZ。 -
默认16个数据库，类似数组下标从0开始，初始默认使用0号库
-
使用命令
select <dbid>来切换数据库。如:select 8 -
统一密码管理，所有库同样密码。
-
dbsize查看当前数据库的key的数量 -
flushdb清空当前库 -
flushall通杀全部库
Redis是单线程+多路IO复用技术
多路复用是指使用一个线程来检查多个文件描述符（Socket）的就绪状态，比如调用select和poll函数，传入多个文件描述符，如果有一个文件描述符就绪，则返回，否则阻塞直到超时。得到就绪状态后进行真正的操作可以在同一个线程里执行，也可以启动线程执行（比如使用线程池）
串行 vs 多线程+锁（memcached） vs 单线程+多路IO复用(Redis)
（与Memcache三点不同: 支持多数据类型，支持持久化，单线程+多路IO复用）
2.3 Redis配置文件介绍
自定义目录：/myredis/redis.conf
2.3.1 ###Units 单位
配置大小单位,开头定义了一些基本的度量单位，只支持bytes，不支持bit
大小写不敏感
# Redis configuration file example
# Note on units: when memory size is needed, it is possible to specify
# it in the usual form of 1k 5GB 4M and so forth:
#
# 1k => 1000 bytes
# 1kb => 1024 bytes
# 1m => 1000000 bytes
# 1mb => 1024*1024 bytes
# 1g => 1000000000 bytes
# 1gb => 1024*1024*1024 bytes
#
# units are case insensitive so 1GB 1Gb 1gB are all the same.
2.3.2 ###INCLUDES 包含
################################## INCLUDES ###################################
# Include one or more other config files here. This is useful if you
# have a standard template that goes to all Redis servers but also need
# to customize a few per-server settings. Include files can include
# other files, so use this wisely.
#
# Notice option "include" won't be rewritten by command "CONFIG REWRITE"
# from admin or Redis Sentinel. Since Redis always uses the last processed
# line as value of a configuration directive, you'd better put includes
# at the beginning of this file to avoid overwriting config change at runtime.
#
# If instead you are interested in using includes to override configuration
# options, it is better to use include as the last line.
#
# include .\path\to\local.conf
# include c:\path\to\other.conf
类似jsp中的include，多实例的情况可以把公用的配置文件提取出来
2.3.3 ### 网络相关配置###
################################## NETWORK #####################################
# By default, if no "bind" configuration directive is specified, Redis listens
# for connections from all the network interfaces available on the server.
# It is possible to listen to just one or multiple selected interfaces using
# the "bind" configuration directive, followed by one or more IP addresses.
#
# Examples:
#
# bind 192.168.1.100 10.0.0.1
# bind 127.0.0.1 ::1
#
# ~~~ WARNING ~~~ If the computer running Redis is directly exposed to the
# internet, binding to all the interfaces is dangerous and will expose the
# instance to everybody on the internet. So by default we uncomment the
# following bind directive, that will force Redis to listen only into
# the IPv4 lookback interface address (this means Redis will be able to
# accept connections only from clients running into the same computer it
# is running).
#
# IF YOU ARE SURE YOU WANT YOUR INSTANCE TO LISTEN TO ALL THE INTERFACES
# JUST COMMENT THE FOLLOWING LINE.
# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
bind 0.0.0.0
# Protected mode is a layer of security protection, in order to avoid that
# Redis instances left open on the internet are accessed and exploited.
#
# When protected mode is on and if:
#
# 1) The server is not binding explicitly to a set of addresses using the
# "bind" directive.
# 2) No password is configured.
#
# The server only accepts connections from clients connecting from the
# IPv4 and IPv6 loopback addresses 127.0.0.1 and ::1, and from Unix domain
# sockets.
#
# By default protected mode is enabled. You should disable it only if
# you are sure you want clients from other hosts to connect to Redis
# even if no authentication is configured, nor a specific set of interfaces
# are explicitly listed using the "bind" directive.
protected-mode yes
# Accept connections on the specified port, default is 6379 (IANA #815344).
# If port 0 is specified Redis will not listen on a TCP socket.
port 6379
# TCP listen() backlog.
#
# In high requests-per-second environments you need an high backlog in order
# to avoid slow clients connections issues. Note that the Linux kernel
# will silently truncate it to the value of /proc/sys/net/core/somaxconn so
# make sure to raise both the value of somaxconn and tcp_max_syn_backlog
# in order to get the desired effect.
tcp-backlog 511
# Unix socket.
#
# Specify the path for the Unix socket that will be used to listen for
# incoming connections. There is no default, so Redis will not listen
# on a unix socket when not specified.
#
# unixsocket /tmp/redis.sock
# unixsocketperm 700
# Close the connection after a client is idle for N seconds (0 to disable)
timeout 0
# TCP keepalive.
#
# If non-zero, use SO_KEEPALIVE to send TCP ACKs to clients in absence
# of communication. This is useful for two reasons:
#
# 1) Detect dead peers.
# 2) Take the connection alive from the point of view of network
# equipment in the middle.
#
# On Linux, the specified value (in seconds) is the period used to send ACKs.
# Note that to close the connection the double of the time is needed.
# On other kernels the period depends on the kernel configuration.
#
# A reasonable value for this option is 60 seconds.
tcp-keepalive 0
bind
默认情况bind=127.0.0.1只能接受本机的访问请求
不写的情况下，无限制接受任何ip地址的访问
生产环境肯定要写你应用服务器的地址；服务器是需要远程访问的，所以需要将其注释掉
如果开启了protected-mode，那么在没有设定bind ip且没有设密码的情况下，Redis只允许接受本机的响应
保存配置，停止服务，重启启动查看进程，不再是本机访问了。
protected-mode
将本机访问保护模式设置no
Port
端口号，默认 6379
tcp-backlog
设置tcp的backlog，backlog其实是一个连接队列，backlog队列总和=未完成三次握手队列 + 已经完成三次握手队列。
在高并发环境下你需要一个高backlog值来避免慢客户端连接问题。
注意Linux内核会将这个值减小到/proc/sys/net/core/somaxconn的值（128），所以需要确认增大/proc/sys/net/core/somaxconn和/proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_max_syn_backlog（128）两个值来达到想要的效果
timeout
一个空闲的客户端维持多少秒会关闭，0表示关闭该功能。即永不关闭。
tcp-keepalive
对访问客户端的一种心跳检测，每个n秒检测一次。
单位为秒，如果设置为0，则不会进行Keepalive检测，建议设置成60
2.3.4 ### GENERAL 通用
################################# GENERAL #####################################
# By default Redis does not run as a daemon. Use 'yes' if you need it.
# Note that Redis will write a pid file in /var/run/redis.pid when daemonized.
# NOT SUPPORTED ON WINDOWS daemonize no
# If you run Redis from upstart or systemd, Redis can interact with your
# supervision tree. Options:
# supervised no - no supervision interaction
# supervised upstart - signal upstart by putting Redis into SIGSTOP mode
# supervised systemd - signal systemd by writing READY=1 to $NOTIFY_SOCKET
# supervised auto - detect upstart or systemd method based on
# UPSTART_JOB or NOTIFY_SOCKET environment variables
# Note: these supervision methods only signal "process is ready."
# They do not enable continuous liveness pings back to your supervisor.
# NOT SUPPORTED ON WINDOWS supervised no
# If a pid file is specified, Redis writes it where specified at startup
# and removes it at exit.
#
# When the server runs non daemonized, no pid file is created if none is
# specified in the configuration. When the server is daemonized, the pid file
# is used even if not specified, defaulting to "/var/run/redis.pid".
#
# Creating a pid file is best effort: if Redis is not able to create it
# nothing bad happens, the server will start and run normally.
# NOT SUPPORTED ON WINDOWS pidfile /var/run/redis.pid
# Specify the server verbosity level.
# This can be one of:
# debug (a lot of information, useful for development/testing)
# verbose (many rarely useful info, but not a mess like the debug level)
# notice (moderately verbose, what you want in production probably)
# warning (only very important / critical messages are logged)
loglevel notice
# Specify the log file name. Also 'stdout' can be used to force
# Redis to log on the standard output.
logfile ""
# To enable logging to the Windows EventLog, just set 'syslog-enabled' to
# yes, and optionally update the other syslog parameters to suit your needs.
# If Redis is installed and launched as a Windows Service, this will
# automatically be enabled.
# syslog-enabled no
# Specify the source name of the events in the Windows Application log.
# syslog-ident redis
# Set the number of databases. The default database is DB 0, you can select
# a different one on a per-connection basis using SELECT <dbid> where
# dbid is a number between 0 and 'databases'-1
databases 16
daemonize
是否为后台进程，设置为yes
守护进程，后台启动
pidfile
存放pid文件的位置，每个实例会产生一个不同的pid文件
loglevel
指定日志记录级别，Redis总共支持四个级别：debug、verbose、notice、warning，默认为notice
四个级别根据使用阶段来选择，生产环境选择notice 或者warning
logfile
日志文件名称
databases 16
设定库的数量 默认16，默认数据库为0，可以使用SELECT <dbid>命令在连接上指定数据库id
2.3.5 ### SECURITY 安全
################################## SECURITY ###################################
# Require clients to issue AUTH <PASSWORD> before processing any other
# commands. This might be useful in environments in which you do not trust
# others with access to the host running redis-server.
#
# This should stay commented out for backward compatibility and because most
# people do not need auth (e.g. they run their own servers).
#
# Warning: since Redis is pretty fast an outside user can try up to
# 150k passwords per second against a good box. This means that you should
# use a very strong password otherwise it will be very easy to break.
#
# requirepass 密码
# Command renaming.
#
# It is possible to change the name of dangerous commands in a shared
# environment. For instance the CONFIG command may be renamed into something
# hard to guess so that it will still be available for internal-use tools
# but not available for general clients.
#
# Example:
#
# rename-command CONFIG b840fc02d524045429941cc15f59e41cb7be6c52
#
# It is also possible to completely kill a command by renaming it into
# an empty string:
#
# rename-command CONFIG ""
#
# Please note that changing the name of commands that are logged into the
# AOF file or transmitted to slaves may cause problems.
设置密码
访问密码的查看、设置和取消
在命令中设置密码，只是临时的。重启redis服务器，密码就还原了。
永久设置，需要再配置文件中进行设置。
2.3.6 #### LIMITS 限制
################################### LIMITS ####################################
# Set the max number of connected clients at the same time. By default
# this limit is set to 10000 clients, however if the Redis server is not
# able to configure the process file limit to allow for the specified limit
# the max number of allowed clients is set to the current file limit
# minus 32 (as Redis reserves a few file descriptors for internal uses).
#
# Once the limit is reached Redis will close all the new connections sending
# an error 'max number of clients reached'.
#
# maxclients 10000
# If Redis is to be used as an in-memory-only cache without any kind of
# persistence, then the fork() mechanism used by the background AOF/RDB
# persistence is unnecessary. As an optimization, all persistence can be
# turned off in the Windows version of Redis. This will redirect heap
# allocations to the system heap allocator, and disable commands that would
# otherwise cause fork() operations: BGSAVE and BGREWRITEAOF.
# This flag may not be combined with any of the other flags that configure
# AOF and RDB operations.
# persistence-available [(yes)|no]
# Don't use more memory than the specified amount of bytes.
# When the memory limit is reached Redis will try to remove keys
# according to the eviction policy selected (see maxmemory-policy).
#
# If Redis can't remove keys according to the policy, or if the policy is
# set to 'noeviction', Redis will start to reply with errors to commands
# that would use more memory, like SET, LPUSH, and so on, and will continue
# to reply to read-only commands like GET.
#
# This option is usually useful when using Redis as an LRU cache, or to set
# a hard memory limit for an instance (using the 'noeviction' policy).
#
# WARNING: If you have slaves attached to an instance with maxmemory on,
# the size of the output buffers needed to feed the slaves are subtracted
# from the used memory count, so that network problems / resyncs will
# not trigger a loop where keys are evicted, and in turn the output
# buffer of slaves is full with DELs of keys evicted triggering the deletion
# of more keys, and so forth until the database is completely emptied.
#
# In short... if you have slaves attached it is suggested that you set a lower
# limit for maxmemory so that there is some free RAM on the system for slave
# output buffers (but this is not needed if the policy is 'noeviction').
#
# WARNING: not setting maxmemory will cause Redis to terminate with an
# out-of-memory exception if the heap limit is reached.
#
# NOTE: since Redis uses the system paging file to allocate the heap memory,
# the Working Set memory usage showed by the Windows Task Manager or by other
# tools such as ProcessExplorer will not always be accurate. For example, right
# after a background save of the RDB or the AOF files, the working set value
# may drop significantly. In order to check the correct amount of memory used
# by the redis-server to store the data, use the INFO client command. The INFO
# command shows only the memory used to store the redis data, not the extra
# memory used by the Windows process for its own requirements. Th3 extra amount
# of memory not reported by the INFO command can be calculated subtracting the
# Peak Working Set reported by the Windows Task Manager and the used_memory_peak
# reported by the INFO command.
#
# maxmemory <bytes>
# MAXMEMORY POLICY: how Redis will select what to remove when maxmemory
# is reached. You can select among five behaviors:
#
# volatile-lru -> remove the key with an expire set using an LRU algorithm
# allkeys-lru -> remove any key according to the LRU algorithm
# volatile-random -> remove a random key with an expire set
# allkeys-random -> remove a random key, any key
# volatile-ttl -> remove the key with the nearest expire time (minor TTL)
# noeviction -> don't expire at all, just return an error on write operations
#
# Note: with any of the above policies, Redis will return an error on write
# operations, when there are no suitable keys for eviction.
#
# At the date of writing these commands are: set setnx setex append
# incr decr rpush lpush rpushx lpushx linsert lset rpoplpush sadd
# sinter sinterstore sunion sunionstore sdiff sdiffstore zadd zincrby
# zunionstore zinterstore hset hsetnx hmset hincrby incrby decrby
# getset mset msetnx exec sort
#
# The default is:
#
# maxmemory-policy noeviction
# LRU and minimal TTL algorithms are not precise algorithms but approximated
# algorithms (in order to save memory), so you can tune it for speed or
# accuracy. For default Redis will check five keys and pick the one that was
# used less recently, you can change the sample size using the following
# configuration directive.
#
# The default of 5 produces good enough results. 10 Approximates very closely
# true LRU but costs a bit more CPU. 3 is very fast but not very accurate.
#
# maxmemory-samples 5
maxclients
Ø 设置redis同时可以与多少个客户端进行连接。
Ø 默认情况下为10000个客户端。
Ø 如果达到了此限制，redis则会拒绝新的连接请求，并且向这些连接请求方发出“max number of clients reached”以作回应。
maxmemory
Ø 建议必须设置，否则，将内存占满，造成服务器宕机
Ø 设置redis可以使用的内存量。一旦到达内存使用上限，redis将会试图移除内部数据，移除规则可以通过maxmemory-policy来指定。
Ø 如果redis无法根据移除规则来移除内存中的数据，或者设置了“不允许移除”，那么redis则会针对那些需要申请内存的指令返回错误信息，比如SET、LPUSH等。
Ø 但是对于无内存申请的指令，仍然会正常响应，比如GET等。如果你的redis是主redis（说明你的redis有从redis），那么在设置内存使用上限时，需要在系统中留出一些内存空间给同步队列缓存，只有在你设置的是“不移除”的情况下，才不用考虑这个因素。
maxmemory-policy
Ø volatile-lru：使用LRU算法移除key，只对设置了过期时间的键；（最近最少使用）
Ø allkeys-lru：在所有集合key中，使用LRU算法移除key
Ø volatile-random：在过期集合中移除随机的key，只对设置了过期时间的键
Ø allkeys-random：在所有集合key中，移除随机的key
Ø volatile-ttl：移除那些TTL值最小的key，即那些最近要过期的key
Ø noeviction：不进行移除。针对写操作，只是返回错误信息
maxmemory-samples
Ø 设置样本数量，LRU算法和最小TTL算法都并非是精确的算法，而是估算值，所以你可以设置样本的大小，redis默认会检查这么多个key并选择其中LRU的那个。
Ø 一般设置3到7的数字，数值越小样本越不准确，但性能消耗越小。
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