python基础知识整理类与对象（八）

最新推荐文章于 2024-10-08 20:27:53 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-10-08 20:27:53 发布

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43973977/article/details/105682861

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                                   ------ 类与对象------

创建和使用类
class Dog():
“”“一次模拟小狗的简单尝试”""
def init(self, name, age):
“”“初始化属性name和age”""
self.name = ‘wakak1’
self.age = age
def sit(self):
“”“模拟小狗被命令时蹲下”""
print(self.name.title() + " is now sitting.")
def roll_over(self):
“”“模拟小狗被命令时打滚”""
print(self.name.title() + " rolled over!")

a=Dog(‘aaa’,18)
print(a)

访问属性
my_dog = Dog(‘willie’, 6)
print("My dog’s name is " + my_dog.name.title() + “.”)
print(“My dog is " + str(my_dog.age) + " years old.”)
print(my_dog.name)

实用类和实例
class Car():
“”“一次模拟汽车的简单尝试”""
def init(self, make, model, year):
“”“初始化描述汽车的属性”""
self.make = make
self.model = model
self.year = year
def get_descriptive_name(self):
“”“返回整洁的描述性信息”""
long_name = str(self.year) + ’ ’ + self.make + ’ ’ + self.model
return long_name.title()
my_new_car = Car(‘audi’, ‘a4’, 2016)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())

给属性指定默认值
class Car():
def init(self, make, model, year):
“”“初始化描述汽车的属性”""
self.make = make
self.model = model
self.year = year
self.odometer_reading = 0
def get_descriptive_name(self):
pass
def read_odometer(self):
“”“打印一条指出汽车里程的消息”""
print(“This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.”)
my_new_car = Car(‘audi’, ‘a4’, 2016)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
my_new_car.read_odometer()

给属性指定默认值
class Car():
def init(self, make, model, year):
“”“初始化描述汽车的属性”""
self.make = make
self.model = model
self.year = year
self.odometer_reading = 0
def get_descriptive_name(self):
“”“返回整洁的描述性信息”""
long_name = str(self.year) + ’ ’ + self.make + ’ ’ + self.model
return long_name.title()
def read_odometer(self):
“”“打印一条指出汽车里程的消息”""
print(“This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.”)
my_new_car = Car(‘audi’, ‘a4’, 2016)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
my_new_car.read_odometer()

修改属性的三种方法
可以以三种不同的方式修改属性的值：直接通过实例进行修改；通过方法进行设置；通过方法进行递增（增加特定的值）。

第一种直接修改(结合上面的代码)
class Car():
def init(self, make, model, year):
“”“初始化描述汽车的属性”""
self.make = make
self.model = model
self.year = year
self.odometer_reading = 0
def get_descriptive_name(self):
“”“返回整洁的描述性信息”""
long_name = str(self.year) + ’ ’ + self.make + ’ ’ + self.model
return long_name.title()
def read_odometer(self):
“”“打印一条指出汽车里程的消息”""
print(“This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.”)
my_new_car = Car(‘audi’, ‘a4’, 2016)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
my_new_car.read_odometer()
my_new_car.odometer_reading = 23#直接修改
my_new_car.read_odometer()

第二种通过方法修改属性的值
class Car():
def init(self, make, model, year):
“”“初始化描述汽车的属性”""
self.make = make
self.model = model
self.year = year
self.odometer_reading = 0

def get_descriptive_name(self):
    """返回整洁的描述性信息"""
    long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model
    return long_name.title()

def read_odometer(self):
    """打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"""
    print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.")

def update_odometer(self, mileage):
    """将里程表读数设置为指定的值"""
    self.odometer_reading = mileage

my_new_car = Car(‘audi’, ‘a4’, 2016)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
my_new_car.update_odometer(23)
my_new_car.read_odometer()

第三种通过方法对属性的值进行递增
class Car():
def init(self, make, model, year):
“”“初始化描述汽车的属性”""
self.make = make
self.model = model
self.year = year
self.odometer_reading = 0

def get_descriptive_name(self):
    """返回整洁的描述性信息"""
    long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model
    return long_name.title()

def read_odometer(self):
    """打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"""
    print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.")

def update_odometer(self, mileage):
    """将里程表读数设置为指定的值"""
    self.odometer_reading = mileage

def increment_odometer(self, miles):
    """将里程表读数增加指定的量"""

    self.odometer_reading += miles

my_used_car = Car(‘subaru’, ‘outback’, 2013)
print(my_used_car.get_descriptive_name())
my_used_car.update_odometer(23500)
my_used_car.read_odometer()
my_used_car.increment_odometer(100)
my_used_car.read_odometer()

------继承------
一个类继承另一个类时，它将自动获得另一个类的所有属性和方法；原有的
类称为父类，而新类称为子类。子类继承了其父类的所有属性和方法，同时还可以定义自己的属性和方法。
class Car():
“”“一次模拟汽车的简单尝试”""
def init(self, make, model, year):
self.make = make
self.model = model
self.year = year
self.odometer_reading = 0
def get_descriptive_name(self):
long_name = str(self.year) + ’ ’ + self.make + ’ ’ + self.model
return long_name.title()
def read_odometer(self):
print(“This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.”)
def update_odometer(self, mileage):
if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
self.odometer_reading = mileage
else:
print(“You can’t roll back an odometer!”)
def increment_odometer(self, miles):
self.odometer_reading += miles
class ElectricCar(Car):
“”“电动汽车的独特之处”""
def init(self, make, model, year):
“”“初始化父类的属性”""
super().init(make, model, year)
my_tesla = ElectricCar(‘tesla’, ‘model s’, 2016)
print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())

重写父类的方法
在子类中定义一个这样的方法，即它与要重写的父类方法同名。这样，Python将不会考虑这
个父类方法，而只关注你在子类中定义的相应方法
def ElectricCar(Car):
def fill_gas_tank():
“”“电动汽车没有油箱”""
print(“This car doesn’t need a gas tank!”)

将实例用作属性
class Car():
def init(self, make, model, year):
self.make = make
self.model = model
self.year = year
class Battery():
“”“一次模拟电动汽车电瓶的简单尝试”""
def init(self, battery_size=70):
“”“初始化电瓶的属性”""
self.battery_size = battery_size
def describe_battery(self):
“”“打印一条描述电瓶容量的消息”""
print("This car has a " + str(self.battery_size) + “-kWh battery.”)

class ElectricCar(Car):
“”“电动汽车的独特之处”""
def init(self, make, model, year):
“”" 初始化父类的属性，再初始化电动汽车特有的属性"""
super().init(make, model, year)
self.battery = Battery()
my_tesla = ElectricCar(‘tesla’, ‘model s’, 2016)
print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())
my_tesla.battery.describe_battery()

导入类
car.py
“”“一个可用于表示汽车的类”""
car.py文件名-----文件名------
class Car():
“”“一次模拟汽车的简单尝试”""
def init(self, make, model, year):
“”“初始化描述汽车的属性”""
self.make = make
self.model = model
self.year = year
self.odometer_reading = 0
def get_descriptive_name(self):
“”“返回整洁的描述性名称”""
long_name = str(self.year) + ’ ’ + self.make + ’ ’ + self.model
return long_name.title()
def read_odometer(self):
“”“打印一条消息，指出汽车的里程”""
print(“This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.”)
def update_odometer(self, mileage):
“”" 将里程表读数设置为指定的值
拒绝将里程表往回拨
“”"
if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
self.odometer_reading = mileage
else:
print(“You can’t roll back an odometer!”)
def increment_odometer(self, miles):
“”“将里程表读数增加指定的量”""
self.odometer_reading += miles

导入文件和类
from car import Car
my_new_car = Car(‘audi’, ‘a4’, 2016)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
my_new_car.odometer_reading = 23
my_new_car.read_odometer()

一个模块导入多类具体到类名时
from car import 类名一, 类名二

一个模块导入全部类时
from car import*

导入整个模块
import car