长难句笔记

一、简单句
二、并列句
三、名词
四、动词
五、形容词和副词
六、英语的特殊结构

第一节 简单句
一、what is 简单句？
试译：我的英语说得很好：
I spark English well.

沙坪坝 到了;
We are arriving at spb station
英语必须具备主谓结构，并且主语是谓语发出者，如果有宾语主语是谓语的承受者。

二、简单句的分类：
1.主谓结构；
he died； we laugh（ed）；

2.主谓宾；
谓语：实意动词

3.主谓表；
谓语：系动词
系动词：① be ② 感官动词：look、 smell 、taste、sound、feel；③ 变化：become 、get；④ 保持：keep、stay、remain；

4.主谓双宾；
5.主谓宾宾补；
I bought him a dog; 双宾
It makes him happy;宾补
补语对宾语的补充说明，听字面意思，
最后两个宾语加一个be动词，对是宾补，

三、句子的成分（词性的问题。）
1.谓语：
1）谓语的成分；
yours mother must very brartiful;（主系表）
主谓、主谓宾、主谓表
实意动词，系动词（具备时态）
有时态的实意动词或者系动词充当谓语。

2. 动词能不能动？
   绝对不能，一句话当中只能有一个动词的存在并且充当谓语，多余的动词变成非 ，谓语动词，所以英语中有了独立主格和分词做状语。

beating you is my fault.
动词不能做主语

I enjoy watch tv.
动词不能宾语。

My dream is to become a teacher.
动词不能做表语。

谓语只能是动词，动词只能作谓语。
长难句找动词。
所以我们需要把一句话当中所有不做谓语的动词全部都要变成不是动词（非 ，谓语动词）充当所有成分，除了谓语。
动词后+ing 、动词后+ed、动词后+to do(目的）

谁的意思最重要选谁作谓语。
试译：他拍了拍我的肩膀，一句话都没说就离开了。
He beating my shoulder, saying nothing, departed.

我爱你，你爱我。
I loveing you,you love me.(独立主格)
两句变成多句话。
留一个动词作谓语，一个动词作为非，谓语动词。
加连词。
留一个动词作谓语，剩下变为从句。（名词性从句，定语从句，状语从句。）

（如果）冬天来了，春天就不远了。
Winter approaching, spring will be around the corner.

我是一个老师，我喜欢唱歌。
be a teach, I enjoy singing.

3)、动词能不能少？
绝对不能，当一句话当中需要动词而又没有动词的时候，永远都加be动词，而且be没有意思。
your mother must very beautiful;

I am against you.

谓语的总结：一句话当中，有且只能有一个，有时态的实意动词或者是系动词的存在，并且充当谓语。

2 、主语
1)、主语的成分。
名词、代词（替代）、非谓语动词、从句（引导词that、which、who、where、because）

Being Handsomeness and strongth is his nature.

2)、主语能不能少？
一句话当中能不能没有主语，绝对不能，那一句话没有主语的时候怎么办呢？
① It 必须和天气、温度、时间有关系。
北京很冷。
It feels strikingly cold in Beijing.

② There remain/exist/seem(be) 必须听到一个字"有"

有很多原因证明我的观点。
There remain an ocean of elements Being responsible for my perspective.

③ 人称代词做主语写成被动

建议政府采取措施。
Authorities should be proposed to adopt action.

越来越多的人认为污染很严重。
Pollution is is claimed exceedingly grave By an increasing amount of individuals.

④ 人称代词做主语（）。

如果有毅力，就一定会成功。
If there seems persistence, glories cannot fail to be attained.

3)、、宾语
名词、代词、非，谓语动词、从句

4)、、表语
名词、代词、非 谓语动词、从句、形容词、介词短语

主谓：
I stand on the stage.

主谓宾
I exchange sth with my watch.

四、简单句的考点分析。

1、写作

1. 写作中所有不会写的单词都写成自己会的词汇，反正老师也不知道我写的什么意思。
   2）所有写不来的长难句，暂时写成简单句。

2、长难句分析
1）分析长难句的第一步也就是找这句话的动词，也就是谓语。从而找到这句话的主谓宾。
如果一句话当中找到多个动词的，只需要找出主句的谓语动词。（前面没有引导词的动词就是主句的谓语动词）

第二节 并列句

一 、什么时并列句？
状语从句：我爱你，但是你爱那条狗
Although I love you, you love that dog.

就是用连词连接两个句子，只能是连词。

二 、连词
1、平行：and，not only…but also ，As well as (单词）
2、转折：but yet while whereas
3、选择 ：or
4、递进：then 、
5、因果：because（原因状语引导词） for、so

三、并列句的考点分析
1、写作：只要写作的上下文具有逻辑关系，就一定要用逻辑关系词（连词、介词、几次短语、副词）

有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？
There exist a train of companies comint from the distance , and so （as a consequence) I become More than delighted .

连词和其他的逻辑关系词的区别在于：连词的前面要么用逗号，要么没有标点符号。
而其他的逻辑关系词的前面要么用句号，要么加连词and

1）、平行：equally（同样的）、likewise（相似的）、
similarly、At the same time 、In the meanwhile

2）、转折： However nevertheless, conversely 、
Unexpectedly
On the contrary
By contrast

3）、选择：Alternatively
4）、递进：Besides、furthermore,moreover 、
Inaddition、 subsequently
5）、因果：Thus 、 therefore、
as consequence/result,consequently

都说我如水百变，可是我清澈不变。
I am maintainted changeable like water .
On the contrary , my clarity keeps consistent.

你还记得那天吗? 我没有通过四级考试，你走过来，拍拍我肩膀， 人生没有终点：
Do you still keep the day in mind?
I failed to pass CET4 , and consequently , I shed tears alone in the rain. At the same time , you came up to me then beat my shoulder , telling me " there exists no destination in life"

2、完型：20 逻辑关系词的用法。
逻辑关系题的做法：只需要看逻辑关系次前后两句话的意思就好。

3、长难句分析（第一步找谓语/动词。第二步找连词（连接两个单词的时候不在范围之列。第三部找定语。第四部找状语。））
:只要见到有并列连词的出现，通常都会有省略，翻译的时候，先把省略的部分补充上后，再做翻译。那如何查找省略的内容呢？

①一句话只要有省略就一定会省略在连词后，而不是省略的连词前 ---- 所有连词后面有的成分连词通常(一定有)：如果连此后只有一个成分，连此前一定能找到他的对应成分。如果连词有多个成分的话，连词前不一定都能找到他们的对应成分，但是至少能找到一个对应成分。

连词后面没有而连词前面有便是省略的内容。

1）、I was beaten and he .

2）、目前（在特定条件下），这需要集中控制各种各样的措施，所有需要专家的帮助：比如说：经济学家，操作研究专家（运筹专家）
Under modern conditions,this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.

Under certain conditions, this requires centralized control of various measures, all of which need the help of experts: for example, economists, operational research experts

And n+定
And ved+状语
实意动词不是宾语，一定是状语
介词短语能做状语、表语、
副词做状语

3）、数据表明，身体上的吸引人的人（颜值高的人）更可能容易得到父母的宠爱，更可能交到朋友，更容易受到他人的追求。
The data suggest , for example,that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents,sought out as friends,and pursued romantically

Data shows that physically attractive people (people with high facial value) are more likely to be favored by their parents, more likely to make friends, and more likely to be pursued by others.

and+副词作状语+介词+名词
4）、达尔文认为失去对于画画和音乐的兴趣，不但失去了快乐，而且很可能对他的智商都造成了伤害，而且很可能对于道德品质也造成了伤害。
Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes for pictures or music was not only a loss of happiness,but might possibly be injurious to the intellect,and more probably to the moral character.

Darwin thought that the loss of interest in painting and music not only lost happiness, but also probably hurt his intelligence and moral character.

N + 定语 is cut off And 介词短语+ n + 定语 is cut off And
5）、随着家人搬离他们稳定的社区以后，搬离他们多年的朋友，搬离他们的大家庭关系，这种非正式的信息流（小道消息）就切断了，并且和他一起吗，和当需要的时候，我们就会得到这些可靠的信息的自信也随之消失了。（并且这些信息是令人幸福的。）
AS families move away from their stable community,their friends of many years,and their extended family relationships,the informal flow of information is cut off and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will b trustworthy and reliable.（同位语从句）

据说在英国死亡是迫在眉睫的，在加拿大是不可避免的，在加利福尼亚是可以选择的。这也就不足为奇了。美国人的预期寿命在过去的一个世纪里几乎翻了一番。髋部衰竭可以被替换，临床抑郁症可以得到控制，白内障可以通过30分钟的手术切除。
It is said that in England death is pressing , in Canada inevitable and in California optional.Small wonder.Americans’life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century.Failing hips can be replaced,clinical depression controlled,and cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.

直到这些问题被解决，行为技术将继续的被拒绝，并且和行为技术一起可能的是解决我们问题唯一的方法也将继续的被拒绝。
在这些问题得到解决之前，一种行为技术将继续被拒绝，并有可能成为解决我们问题的唯一途径。
Until these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected ,and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.

三、名词
一） 、名词充当的成分。
① the movie proves brilliant.
What I saw proves brilliant.
（主语从句）
② I appreciate what she actress.
I appreciate what she did.
（宾语从句）
③ She keeps a ghost.
She keeps who I admire.
（表语从句）
④ I enjoy the part , the end.
I enjoy the part that she knew the truth.
（同位语从句）
同位语跟在名词后：作文中任何一个名次的后面 ， 都可以在给他加一个名词，作为他的同位语出现。

我的男朋友来自大三的体育专业，开起来很帅。
My boyfriend , a junior from the department of PE ,
looks hadsome.

过度捕捞现在已经变得很严重了。
Over fishing , a universal phenomenon throughout the
world , has become increasingly grave under modern conditions.

二 ）、什么是名词性从句？
名词在句子中能够充当的成分，从句都能够充当，这就是名词性从句，名词性从句一共包括：
① 主语 ② 宾语 ③ 表语 ④ 同位语

三）、名词性从句的引导词

他已经离婚了，是显而易见的。
及物动词+宾语
that She has got divorced is conspicuous .

离婚了是一个秘密。
whether she has got divorced keeps secret.

他什么时候离婚了是一个迷。
When she got divorced remains a mystery.

名词性从句的引导词是按照从句的类型分的类，一共把引导词分成三类：
① that ：当从句是陈述句时。并且that在从句中不充当任何成分，也没有任何意思。
② whether：当从句是一般疑问句时，并且whether不充当任何成分，意思翻译成是否。
③ 所有的特殊疑问词，当从句是特殊疑问句时。

并且英语中所有的从句一定都是陈述句的形式，也就是引导词+主语+谓语。

我正在思考外星人存在吗？（宾语从句）
I am wondering whether the alien exists .

他们为什么离开家乡去西藏 ，是一个谜。（主语从句）
Why they left their hometown for Tibet reamins a mystery.

关键是你什么时候有钱呢？
The poing seems when wealth will be available
for you .

有些你会发现事业，亲情 ，友情都比爱情重要。（宾语从句）
Someday , one will find that career , kinship and friendship are all more indispensable than romance.

四、名词性从句的考点分析：
1、写作：
1）、主语从句

女人们总是对的,是一个常识
That ladies tend to be right keeps common knowledge.
It keeps common knowledge That ladies tend to be right.
主语从句的满分句型是，把主语从句放到句末去，加It
主语从句的满分句型可以写在作文中任意位置，拉长句子

It keeps common knowledge that ：显而易见的，众所周知的

It looks beyond dispute that :显而易见，众所周知。

It is universally acknowledged that ： 显而易见，众所周知

It has been widely accepted that : 显而易见，众所周知

It keeps my perspective that : 我的观点是：

关于养宠物这个话题，已经成为社会关注焦点了。
It has been widely accepted that the
subject about raising pets has been brought into the limelight

2）、同位语从句
他的丈夫去世了传遍了整个村庄
The news has been spread the whole village that her husband passed away.

3)、河南人是骗子这种想法是不正确的
The outlook that individuals from henan province tends to be deceivers remains wrong .

4)、温室里的花朵不能经受风雨，这个事实表明我们不应该溺爱孩子。
The evidence that flowers in the greenhouse fail to endure storms demonstrates that kids should never be spoiled .

5）、穿自己的鞋不仅方便，而且不用去管别人的感受。
Wearing my own shoes proves not only convenient but also ensures a point that the feelings of others can be ignored .

2、长难句分析：能够快速的识别各个名词性从句，并且把他们通顺的翻译出来。
1）、如何识别主语从句；只要见到有引导词放在句首，并且从句后没有被逗号隔开，就绝对是主语从句。
主语从句从句首开始到主句的谓语动词之前结束。前面没有引导词的动词是主句的谓语动词。
除此以外只要见到 It … that 通常也是主语从句，主语从句从that开始，到句末结束。

① 政府是应该以技术为代价增加对纯科学的投入，还是以科学为代价增加对技术的投入，经常的取决于哪一个被视为驱动力的问题
Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on issue of which is seen as the driving force.

②
That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute.

and+介词+N+定
③以后的行为将会多么准确证明的这个预测取决于使用信息的数量可靠性和适合性，并且还取决于解释信息的解释技巧和智慧
How well the predictions will be validated by later performance（prove） depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

④、显而易见一个高智商的人快速、轻易的理解思想，
是一个辨别的人，是一个进行了逻辑推理的人，并且还能使用语言和数学的符号解决问题的人。
It is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily,（who can）make distinctions,(who can) reason logically,and (who can ) make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems.

⑤ 比如说，长期以来众所周知完全的睡眠的剥夺对老鼠来说是百分百致命的，但是通过检查这些尸体这些动物看起来
For example,it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is 100 percent fatal to rats,yet,upon examination of the dead bodies,the animals look completely normal.

2)、宾语从句：只要实意动词后面有个引导词，就暂定为宾语从句（还可能是状语从句呦）。

① 她说将要嫁给那个有钱的老男人。
She said that she would marry an old rich man.

② 我正在思考我是否能够通过研究生考试，
if（是否）有时候
I wonder if i can pass the National Postgraduate Entrance Examination smoothly.

③ 你听说过这些事情被重复吧，科学家工作归纳法和演绎法进行工作，通过这些操作的帮助，他们成功地从自然抽出一些法则，并且在这些法则之外通过他们的一些技能，他们建立了自己的理论。
You have all heard it（形式宾语） repeated（主谓宾宾补） that men of science work by means of induction(归纳法)and deduction(演绎法),that by the help of these operations,they,in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws,and that out of（在…之中，在…之外。） these , by some special skills of their own,they build up their theories.

④ 仅此一点就表明，电视业并非一个容易生存的世界，统计数据显示，在8家欧洲电视网中，1989年亏损的比例不低于50%。
This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in.A fact underlined by statistics shows that out of eight European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.

3)、如何识别表语从句：只要系动词后面有个引导词，就一定是表语从句。
① 伽利略最伟大的成就是，在1609年第一个打开了新发明的望远镜观察天空，证明行星是绕着太阳转，而不是绕着地球转。
Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to（定语只末尾） turn（） the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.

4）、如何识别同位语从句：（解释名词）
N+从句
只要名词的后面有个引导词就暂定为同位语从句（可能性很小）
①100年前，佛洛依德阐述他革命性的理论，梦是我们无意识的欲望和反应的恐惧。
A century ago,Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.

② 记者必须要比普通人了解法律的这种想法，取决于对既定风俗的理解，和新闻媒体的特殊责任。
But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions（风俗） and special responsibilities of the news media.

③ 六个月大的婴儿能够识别具体说话的声音， 这种证据已经出现了。
Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.

第四节 ：修饰名词的成分—定语
一、什么是定语？
只要听到…的+名词，…就是修饰名词的定语成分

二、定语的成分
1、形容词修饰名词
the naive nightingale lost his life.

2、名词修饰名词
夜莺的歌声能够使玫瑰花开放
the singing of the nightingale enables the rose to bloom.

3.介词短语修饰名词
窗外的夜莺听到了年轻人的叹息。
The nightingale out of the window heard the sigh of the youngster.

4、非谓语动词作定语
唱歌的夜莺可怜地死去了。
The singing nightingale died pitifully.
=the nightingale to sing died pitifully

5、从句+引导词

三、定语的位置
前小后大
1)形容词修饰不定代词即使只有一个单词，也放在不定代词的后面（anything、something、）

2)、被抛弃的那个男人很可怜
the boy discarded looks pitiful
当过去分词修饰名词的时候，及时只有一个单词也通常发在名词后。

这是一个关于夜莺和玫瑰的故事(介词短语作定语)
This is a fiction about a nightingale and a rose.

这个懂爱的年轻人离开了误会
The youngster grasping romance left the party the prince.

四、定语从句 修饰名词 /名词性从句代替名词
1、定语从句构成 ：名词（先行词）+引导词+句子
定语从句的引导词是按照先行词的种类分的类，一共分成五类；
当先行词是人的时候 ， 引导词有： who 、 whom whose
当先行词是物的时候，引导词有：that 、which、whose
当先行词是时间的时候 ， 引导词：that 、which、when
当先行词是地点的时候 ，引导词：that 、which、where
当先行词是原因的时候 ，引导词：that 、which、why

2、到底是谁决定定语从句引导词的用法：
代词充当主语，宾语 ，副词不能主语、宾语

1）、先行词（缩小范围）
2）、引导词在从句能够充当的成分。

3、定语从句引导词的分类新标准
定语从句的引导词还可以按照引导词的词性来分类，一共分成3类。
1）代词（在从句中一定要充当主语或者宾语的成分：who、whom、that which）
2）副词（在从句中不能充当主语或者宾语的成分：where、when、why）
3）形容词（在从句中修饰离他最近的那个名词whose）

①夜莺用生命换来的玫瑰花被扔掉了
介词短语不能做宾语
The rose that the nightingale exchanged with his life was discarded.

② 这个老人在他的儿子到达的那天去世了。
The senior citizen passed away on the day when her son arrived.

③ 我喜欢家里有钱的男生
Boys whose families keep wealthy nerver fail to fascinate me.

五 定语从句的特殊用法
1、如果先行词和引导词之间有介词的话，人不用who
只能whom，物不能用that ，只能用which

I will never forget the day on which I met you .

He is the man who/ whom we should learn from .
He is the man from whom we should learn .

2、 区别限制和非限制定语从句
我爱我的老师，他看起来很优雅。
I love my teacher , who looks elegant.（非）
我爱我那优雅老师，。
I love my teacher who looks elegant.

非限制性定语从句在长难句分析的时候就相当于插入语可以完全不看。

3、that 引导的定语从句如果在从句中充当的是宾语的话，that可以省略。
在分析长难句的时候两个名词或代词直接放在一起，中间没有被任何标点符号或连词隔开，此时通常同时省略了that的定语从句。
The rose that the nightingale exchanged with his life was discarded.

that same… that …（是）
that same… as…（像）

六 定语和定语从句考点分析
1、写作
只要在作文中见到名词都可以给他加一个定语的成分，把句子拉长。
① 养那些 聪明和可爱可以增加独自生活老人的乐趣
Raising pets cute as well as smart can add interest of senior citizens who lives alone .

② 读书扩大眼界
Reading books such as little prince, a nightingale and a rose , and my father and my mother can broaden horizon of ordinary citizens.

③我昨天去买东西时，碰到一位女士，她母亲看起来很优雅。
I , going shopping yesterday , came across a lady whose mother looked elegant.

④ 黄色是转为皇上使用的颜色，不是普通人使用的
Yellow which is forbidden for of ordinary citizens designed for the King.

2 、长难句分析
能够找到一句话当中的定语成分，并且能够把他们通顺的翻译出来。定语就是寄生虫。找定语就是找名词
只要名词后有很多东西，只要这东西不是谓语动词，就暂定为修饰这个名词的定语成分（状语）。
定语从名词后开始，到主句的谓语动词之前结束。
如果主句的谓语动词在定语之前的话，定语就从名词后开始，通常到句末结束。但是如果定语后有连词出现的，定语不再是到句末结束，而是到连词之前结束。
一个大定语中通常都会有无数个小定语，每一个小定语都是到下一个名词后结束。但是固定搭配除外，翻译的时候从后往前分析。

n+定、同位语，状语、插入语、谓
区别定语从句和同位语从句 ：

I have a dream that（关系代词 引导词） sounds ridiculous .（定语）
I have a dream that I will become a rich lady.（同位语）解释

1）、定语从句和同位语从句的区别：
读从句本身的意思，定语从句是对前面名词的修饰，同位语从句是对前面名词的解释。

2）、看引导词that在从句中是否充当成分，如果充当了成分就是定语从句，如果没有充当成分，就是同位语从句。

3）、定义从句的先行词是所有名词，同位语从句的名词是抽象名词。

4）、定语从句的引导词有八个，而同位语从句的引导词通常是that。

I love liu (from henan /with a large population / kind as well as diligent).

① 随着家庭离开稳定的社区、多年的朋友和他们的大家庭关系，非正式的信息流动被切断，人们有信心在需要时可以获得信息，并且信息是可信和可靠的。
AS families move away from their stable community,their friends of many years,and their extended family relationships,the informal flow of information is cut off and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will b trustworthy and reliable.

②简言之，新学派的一位领导人辩称，“我们称之为科学革命，主要是一系列仪器的改进、发明和使用，将科学的范围扩大到了无数个方向。”
科学革命很大程度上是扩大了在各个领域内科学所到达范围内一系列工具的改进、发明和使用。
In short, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution,as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of （固定搭配：一系列）instruments（1） that expanded the reach（2） of science（3） in innumerable directions.”

③ 与其他地方一样，在欧洲，多媒体集团已经成为越来越成功的集团，它们把相互联系的电视、广播、报纸、杂志和出版社聚集在一起。
In Europe , as elsewhere,multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.

④ 创造一个欧洲身份，这种身份尊重不同文化和传统，这种文化和传统有构成了旧大陆相互联系的桥梁，不是一件容易的事情，需要一个战略性的选择。
Creating a “European identity” that respects the differents cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric（） of the Old Continent is（谓语动词） no easy task and demands a strategic choice.

⑤ 因此，是否在特定情况下使用测试、其他类型的信息或（使用）两者都取决于（谓语动词）来自经验中有关比较有效性的证据以及成本和可用性等因素。
Whether to use tests, othet kinds of information, or （to use ）both in a particular situation depends（谓语动词）, therefore, upon the evidence from experience（1） concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.

⑥ 一些原因完全是社会需要的合理结果，其他的是在某种特程度上科学上的特殊的，进步的合理结果
Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of(到句末) social needs . Others are reasonable consequences of（没连词句末结束） particular advances / in being to some extent self-accelerating.

⑦ 在争论了六个月和一会激烈的讨论了16个小时候，澳大利亚的北部地区变成了世界上第一个合法政府，这个政府允许医生结束绝症病人的性命，并且这些病人愿意结束自己的声明。
After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates,Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill partients who wish to die.

七 。定语和定语从句的至难点
定语从句的先行词就是离它最近的名词。
定语从句的先行词是离它最近的几个并列的名词。
定语从句的先行词是离它最近的那个从句。
定语从句的先行词是前面的整个句子。
定语从句的先行词和引导词之间被东西隔开了。

① The words used by the speaker may stir up unfavorable reactions in the listener_____interfere with his comprehension ;hence,the transmission-reception system breaks down.
A:who B:as C:which D:what

② 对于工人来说，他可能意味安全，利益和责任感着结束，
For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of importance that came from being a loyal employee.

③希腊人认为思考的过程和语言结构有关系。
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

④
My husband enjoys talking with other young ladies,which really gets me go mad.

⑤
AS a linguist,he acknowledges that all varieties of human language,including non-standard ones like Black English ,can be powerfully expressive–there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.

第五节 动词
一、动词能够充当的成分：谓语

二、动词的分类
1、系动词
be、感官、变化、保持

2、助动词
就是在一句话当中帮助谓语构成时态，构成被动，构成否定，和疑问的词。
I am having english .
I am going tobe lawyer.
I an beaten.

3、情态动词
表明说人主观态度的词就是情态动词
Old fish must be walthy.

1）情态动词表示对现在和将来的推测：情态动词+动词原形。
变否定+not cannot: 一定不（推测）

2）情态动词表示对过去的推测：
Old fish must must have been self-biased in his university.
must have done：过去一定做过某事。

You need not have shown your love in this way.
need have done：本没必要做某事但是做了。

I could have become a prominent poet.
could have done：能偶做某事，但是没做，表示遗憾

They should have got married if there existed a chance.
should have done ：本应该做某事，但是却没有做。

4、实意动词
及物动词 不及物动词
He will divorce . (X)
He will get divoeced
及物动词的后面不加介词，直接加名词，并且只能加名词。直接加宾语。

不及物动词的必须加介词，才能加名词。（固定搭配）
后面可以不加宾语。

三、虚拟语气
表示与事实相反 ，或者语气委婉。

1、一般用法：
if 引导的条件状语从句。
如何把一个正常条件状语从句，变成虚拟语气：只需要把已经写好的句子的时态变成他的过去式就ok了。

在状语从句中，如果主句的动作和从句的动作都还有发生，主句一般将来时，从句一般现在时，解释成主将从现
如果你是我眼中的一滴泪，我会就永远不会哭泣。
If you were a tear in my eyes ，I would never shed it.

如果我是一条狗， 昨天晚上我就能睡在床上。
If I had been a dog last night ,I could sleep in bed .

2、以下情况从句用一般过去式表示虚拟。
would rather , it is high time that（是什么什么时候了）

是我们关注这个话题的时候了。
it is high time that all children and adults shed light on （关注、重视）the issue.

我宁愿你比我幸福
I would rather you were happier than I

3、以下情况要区别对待：就是把它本来的时态变成他的过去式。
wish（无法实现希望） 、or（否则）、if only （如果…该多好呀。）、but for 、 As if 、 as though

She talks with me as if she were my mother.

She taksed with me last night as if she had been my mother .

第六节 形容词和副词
一 ) 成分
1、形容词：放在系动词做表语。
放在名词做定语。
修饰名词。

2、副词：
She runs away rapidly . --副词修饰实意动词做状语。

She looks distinctly rapid . --副词修饰形容词做状语

She runs away extermely rapidly – 副词修饰副词做状语

Actually , she runs away – 副词修饰句子做状语

二 什么是状语？
再一句话当中修饰实意动词、形容词、副词、句子的成分就是状语。·
状语除了名词不能修饰，什么都能修饰。

三、 成分
1、adv 做状语

2、介词短语做状语
She runs away as rapidly as a crazy dog.

3、动词做状语
she runs away,opening her mouth.

4、从句作状语。
She runs away when she opens her mouth.

四、状语的位置
状语的位置随便放

五、状语从句
状语从句的引导词是按照引导词本身的意思分的类。
一共把引导词分成九类：
原因状语从句： 常见引导词：because、as、 since、in that、 now that、

for（连词）
Immense amounts of peers fail to be fascinated with me
for I remain graceful. = because of my grace .
why I an late is that I an sick (主语从句 + 表语从句)

because of（介词短语） / owing to /due to / thanks to /
for the sake of / as a result of

让步状语从句(虽然，尽管)： Although / although / even though / if
/ as / while （当while翻译成虽然尽管将，只能放在句首，不能放在句中。）

Surfing on the internet exerts great influence on the physical and mental health of youngsters on campus
although it can make the life convenient

比较状语从句： as … as… than
You are happier than I am (do).省略

方式状语从句：
By , by means of , in…way/manner(介词短语)
As as if as though (好像似乎)

He looks as if he were made of ice.

目的状语从句：so that 、in order that
To / in order to / so as to （动词不定式)

We ascend higher so that we overlook farther.
We ascend higher in order to overlook farther.
futher (抽象)

结果状语从句：so … that…
只要作文中出现形容词或者是副词的地方，都可以写成
so … that…
My mother remains so kind that she is respected by all her staff.

I become so rejoiced that I fail to fall asleep at night.

时间状语从句：
地点状语从句：
条件状语从句：

when
where
because if
seeing that

六 考点分析
1、写作
作文中任何一句话的旁边都可以加一个状语的成分，把句子拉长。
I love you in my deep mind .

2、长难句分析
能够快速的识别一句中的状语成分，并且通顺的翻译出来。只要在句子中见到以下的：副词、原因、让步、方式、比较、条件、结果、目的，如果名词后出现时间或地点的话有可能是定语也可能是状语。

如果无法确定状语还是定语的时候，定语优先原则，只有翻译成定语不恰当的时候才是状语。

① 希腊人认为语言的结构和思维过程有关系，这种观点在欧洲人们意识到语言的多样性之前，这种观点在欧洲就扎根了。
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought,which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

② 社会科学是知识学习（研究）一个分支，这个分支以同样的，理性的，有序的，系统的，冷静的方式研究人类和他们的行为，这种方式也是自然科学家用来研究自然的方式
Social science is that branch of intellectual （知识分子）enquiry（1） which seeks to study humans and their endeavors （2）in the same（同样的） reasoned（理性）,orderly（有序的）,systematic（系统的）,and dispassioned（冷静的） manner （状语）that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.

Enquire
Inquire： 打听，
require： 要求，需要
acquire ：获得 ，得到

③
The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.

④ 传统意义上来说，在这些机构中，法律的学习被认为是律师特别的行为，而不是一个受教育的人。只是只是储备的必备部分
Traditionally,legal learning has been viewed in such institution as the special preserve of lawyers,rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.

⑤
While it is easy to ignore（忽略） in our contact with them（状语） the effect of our acts upon their disposition,it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.

⑥ 我们之所以应该感谢他们是因为由于说这些语言的民族消失了或者是同化了 而失去了当地的语言，一些语言从此消失了。
We are obliged to（感激，感谢） them because some of these languages have since（从此以后） vanished as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.

⑦ 我将要把它定义一个这样的人，这个人选择作为他，以苏格拉底思考道德方式，作为他生活中首要的责任和乐趣。
I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底的)way about moral problems.

补充 as特殊用法
1、as + n 作为
2、v+n+as : 此时的as意思取决于前面名词的意思。
3、as+句子 （引导状语从句）： 当时…的时候、 虽然、
as的意思只能够前后的意思来判断

一、

主	谓	宾	表
名词	实意动词	名词	名词
代词	系动词	代词	代词
非谓语动词		非谓语动词	非谓语动词
从句		从句	从句
			形容词
			介词短语

同位语	定语	状语
名词	名词	副词
代词	代词	介词短语
非谓语动词	非谓语动词	非谓语动词
从句	从句	从句
	形容词
	介词短语

举例：
Liu is an elegant lady.
= Liu is a lady of elegance
=Liu is a lady as elegant as a red rose.
= Liu is a lady looking of elegance
=Liu is a lady who looks more than elegant.

She killed her husband cruelly.
=By means of a sharp knife, she kiled her husband.
=She, making use of a sharp knife,killed her husband.
=She killed her husband whem she made use of a sharp knife.

二 、英语中长难句的模样：
(状语)，+主 （定、同位语、状语） + 谓语(没有引导词就是想找的谓语。。时态、语态) + 宾（定语、状语、同位语）

when we , a multitude of youngsters tending to take part in the examination of postgraduates , are having English class given by liuxiaoyan whose homeown is henan province with a large population in the morning on Sunday , They , on the playground of beijing university with a long history , immense amounts of pupils , cute as well as vigorous like the sun at 8 or 9 o’clock are singing songs keeping pervasive among kids , little stars , lemon tree and and * I love my mother* although it feels distinctly cold .

English as the universal languages throughout the world proves cruical under modern conditions.

Because his singing sounds touching , I love Eason , a well-known singer