快速学习爬虫

爬虫简介

网络爬虫（英语：web crawler），也叫网络蜘蛛（spider），是一种用来自动浏览万维网的网络机器人。其目的一般为编纂网络索引。

爬虫快速入门

学习爬虫需要一定的python基础，有了python的基础，学习起来会容易很多。
本次用爬去12306的余票信息为例，来讲解一下爬虫的使用技巧。

12306快速爬取信息

import requests
url = 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/queryX?leftTicketDTO.train_date=2019-03-09&leftTicketDTO.from_station=BJP&leftTicketDTO.to_station=SHH&purpose_codes=ADULT'
response = requests.get(url)
print(response.text)

大家复制这段代码运行，查看一下控制台输出内容

{"data":{"flag":"1","map":{"AOH":"上海虹桥","BJP":"北京","SHH":"上海","SNH":"上海南","VNP":"北京南"},"result":["oKFogADXCkMsUY2Aomov%2F%2FS8jKRc3JQvQI63UcZbPY1n%2FdFRGuR3snpDzNFTqFj6dZPhLV6ng57i%0ACzbQNt6GPRBkruxcK69l2m3C00xwO98Dli%2FgUdc5bM%2Bcp7MGUf%2BZCUtwBwM2RkPaxCUIGJ3srvzq%0Axm1XCaaxdoyDrJTj8ScIxOU339bFz2gI39NNAqtFTINW7NGx%2BSsMzctiAc3Ehhdlyf9FsC3J6idH%0A1MQcXBGzUeBlf9xZ9lyIY%2FZ9zWUfRLD9Yu9LwQp4P4UoCEq282Nk7gISDloqVNZqhSj05pXHmvjn%0A|预订|240000G1010I|G101|VNP|AOH|VNP|AOH|06:43|12:40|05:57|Y|ZUPplMKmanGoJw1CLqNTpzelj4cAKHQQbHbeUN9cvB6Vat2X|20190309|3|P2|01|11|1|0|||||||||||有|有|16||O0M090|OM9|1|0|null","bQZRcTpOtu1nrmNMQLGQk%2BwTqQ1jYrMrkB8tjtQvCBwhwvZ1XJe4Zh8Tj7Q1%2F5LzHuQaYl8o0Nqk%0AQ%2BQmQXFU5DFsYqQD6TE5QjtNCpOJBz2m1k4hXBhpWnNljujZ%2BuVulMTpj5%2BV0jWcMu0VEM7mmYMv%0ALXARNvzW8yZFaXWb%2B%2FLbvgBdEG3hNYQ3PVI9%2F0C4KrndDFv2sqUvXttXIJpF%2BVmRmviUryOwc4vQ%0AX%2FjxwlZr7y5awLDGeBMkWHzaO7Jss0tyAhvA0dnvb7PIHi63WanF2Lc2dSknXXCXqQ%3D%3D|预订|24000000G505|G5|VNP|SHH|VNP|SHH|07:00|11:40|04:40|Y|DvKkl%2FlHBu1tZHWIv8DaXrieS0JettVLlAT49aG%2BJs0UzPL1|20190309|3|P2|01|05|1|0|||||||||||有|有|5||O0M090|OM9|0|0|null","PCRw5eeuaQ7SrbFl43UMhs%2B85DJLP%2Bv5xyoE09y%2FmXuA392%2BVk93DGq5wG4ojKinZcDQfiOSmxp%2F%0AWq2Lanaaj8NrScjI7GxUeZ68YulCxOYS%2FEkDUcEDIUGojagfO0aaJrzYDdeW7E2Xkp21gRAsi9vP%0A1d6IEWKWOijkgxEpVoQS1jeuuBwe%2FJozlXFHJio8ual9ZTyTN6%2BqHntyY4%2B7DEuJoX0clN0RBORi%0AmR8Vr%2B6AYA7XDfDskcgD69uy8YfuXDgjZrAlFLDdQfUvOe4GGhEPtmMwZRTn5QnnQBSRtHV3Zbd6%0A|预订|240000G1050N|G105|VNP|AOH|VNP|AOH|07:20|13:08|05:48|Y|FCiQgZA%2FiYe33ZTWOldTao5p%2FV2xqnj6KsKzadbXKoJyFT%2BI|20190309|3|P4|01|10|1|0|||||||||||有|无|无||O0M090|OM9|0|0|null","v%2Bt2XrTN223s16ru7HpIivk9skZ99oXk1N%2F2RL7DqPi29XAY1hRZuNH5YM%2Fr7fP%2BrkxZquG0CCZr%0AEbKY0MrUc8toze6unniftZEk7HTI73kHnxSfWgiGY8QJutHo5bfZ58p1E12kxTTbXrfsE%2BF%2Fxpke%0AIdvo%2BqlwcmwxKx2bBa4BVERswtu7xqgh7gDztFRgzkyGJcMyhgqxmNkdGzDdx%2FuAlBokk7QyCXgl%0Aft27GMqsqMQhQWbwtY1wg52XXOm3UJrls%2BHi9s6tyW4JuffuUISsDtdkhshl7N6j5kcVWPMQAmqX%0A|预订|240000G1430Q|G143|VNP|AOH|VNP|AOH|07:50|13:12|05:22|Y|S3eBP6f2wuiCi2zkbwL9Oh76E9lz40TwemsQHQ7k8I6shyAz|20190309|3|P3|01|06|1|0|||||||||||有|9|无||O0M090|OM9|0|0|null","YcZO2ANHDs6izYRnFswy0e4gccSPb0iG7qlD3i1bU8Q9LYWIgiBI4ObLKIAxlDRxbudSofI9yFrS%0AQMUg%2BLQKUfYJZw6SiAN6mcIKt2z6ZOhMPgByezWYbKJ5RpzyCX2ny922Xgk0tqiDmDqaq8OWjBcJ%0AE1%2FgAwbCJd%2BoOCdUalJUxe97idxF1Su8Pq5e3hNmw1hJmM6XCpH0F%2FCUdMDEv5CsFyfO0IXxDruN%0Awt3PatKzDCXqYqiM1SRJr%2FZ9EwcRQNo0VHliSvrFJqo9F7L6h%2FC17cezvIu2Q5aSdW7ggXWGEQ%2Fw%0A|预订|240000G1070J|G107|VNP|AOH|VNP|AOH|08:05|13:46|05:41|Y|5zjWZODph20H%2BHon9Wv3SjRTWUwjx3%2FfYDx0l%2FL2MFn4OP9P|20190309|3|P3|01|09|1|0|||||||||||有|有|6||O0M090|OM9|1|0|null","zPT8fM9Priews%2FMwaF5bq0dtqx7LNpu1402HoVgTSdQxD64Zx%2BWVTXaCdHDBmFtl29GtdS4Cpqey%0AR3hSUq2XGH6T4IbONdDtETnPwAdpwgNfSQVS0F%2BJR%2BRLz0xP78zRaKDUT7E3%2FixXSNUjbYScwJZ5%0AL%2BimH7bhJod7pA1Y7XgVYmW4t0TkPtm03yPij%2BC6wrzPxOE6QVWiAjYeBP5oWIVeNUOpHfz8xOCM%0AbsDThkKgdKY%2F3tWhtKR%2BsSj67BDK9NW%2BVQUvNGycMMX0EmN898uFLsKbWYFMrYiElhfGe7qp7sFE%0A|预订|240000G11112|G111|VNP|AOH|VNP|AOH|08:35|14:22|05:47|Y|%2B%2BFA3i93rzaHF28VfSxeyfLixbEZjcuT2ciPvlcLEQV%2B0iLM|20190309|3|P2|01|10|1|0|||||||||||有|有|7||O0M090|OM9|0|0|null","idbp7jtCPkrF5BUmNrb%2Br13kRT82ANnG8PqYo59Qy9a39bIM%2Bx3DvStrc4hFlf6haEj%2Bz2yElJ3P%0A%2B1Blahyxp8RfIvroC1lDNJkfAXJYESFHoq2oaA7c8OZW3xnauWoRLDhi1%2F%2Bx4JzsfMqV5GNoVYHV%0AFP6oQ4eUFF5htCUlclyy19a7UJBZYTljvF855IryT6HKPEV5yhO1fQqgPvMwYw%2FuW%2BiAp7tev6mT%0AGZXkKLWX6bjJVjQOlbNGNcZNQcxINZUgBEyAWIfttk%2BKQ%2FguynyObjLC%2FTt75ep%2BlZFb6wXlgjcy%0A|预订|240000G1130Q|G113|VNP|AOH|VNP|AOH|08:50|14:33|05:43|Y|QGMUsQQvHlFdqSG7zTZkE5vfs743%2BvsUr3CQH6cItrfAbeY7|20190309|3|P3|01|08|1|0|||||||||||有|有|10||O090M0|O9M|0|0|null","lUa%2BtZsqCLZPo9i%2Fm1qWjPJaOXQcvmcjPh%2FMB4zewQbFHNP8R5exJQoAIu5Uh9pYxXzKLS8Zu6bM%0A%2FlWHmN0SBZrRbxX%2F3vQyxODx7vvTeya3htOBn2Bz65pxBx4HCYpfdrwg3B6RS35kaqP0tWG3bP06%0AkSpSYss9tGlstBo%2B3POrqSOYWzJiH0Rdi3cnXjFX7AA7esKjBgzKuDeTIdz0GmE0a3ODOrr2GWYZ%0AFqK9HxEErLT4dyPdNcoFNNZecbh2Rt%2FzSDXEckVQl1SeJ62TgOvbeLboHM1u15jAHEItjrSC2%2FXO%0A|预订|24000000G10G|G1|VNP|AOH|VNP|AOH|09:00|13:28|04:28|Y|%2BniJpi7WQT6HcFrax0B8zNTXCow9OvKcgSbZho2jnjv2QZUd|20190309|3|P2|01|04|1|0|||||||||||有|有|无||O0M090|OM9|0|0|null","KbwjzWGwqeswhBU9dwjRZRrm%2BcI4qYT6agq%2BJB3QfGm7KnrbBefZcvQuO%2B0lKdSMAFAL1BW4Btoo%0ANYUP4nZ9OQM1y9cuxk4vQ22P%2FyWls0hiANbwfcadCRfjT%2Bwp1KrTLKpz4%2FttVOHSqg5tAlgteAlJ%0AA18%2BCAy4qeHeYYYf8UA0bJYnp3DGffuB1CSFBgBdrpqpzHptevLqXahGlwqvbOX6RD6syUMHaxrX%0Azf1peXyiaR1SydB4ATB0nE6bcjgh%2B8W3dfz2qKzHSOKgLcIoHF3SNgmgsCZdMWaGCYu0%2FNPjVFJq%0A|预订|2400000G410N|G41|VNP|HGH|VNP|AOH|09:15|14:49|05:34|Y|nHOhBC%2Bim3EFUDrAQ79RKRjlYdcnSudVPRgeFvuFH8oXfhgg|20190309|3|P2|01|08|1|0|||||||||||有|1|无||O0M090|OM9|0|0|null","u%2B4SQrJ7CIP1F%2BKAGS9PyFEFZWT4rJb%2BoeVpUQapU9uhD4cN2CqTjbVqA6sWbXLxCYQR7UvhdVzu%0A%2FWbXzUfhdqEwgM%2BHjJY9SdBlHub6aHDmCzsRWgoguGa1oDfdA30qbsjYnxOlsxySpL38mOEQmn3G%0AOFlopg5DBD5tnKItqLl1FaNzLEAkexSd9jQdE9QuHs%2FLNBzbNi2C7moUfvFVQFqnFuSJYhk34cpF%0ArQ3vV6Vv7lO%2BVwm6Zd7tvtQVEqld9j0WFGCNFNTSxGzE6bEDP0CDwkuKyWwckvWBoo7psvUgtT9m%0A|预订|240000G115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大家会发现控制台输出的结果就是车票的信息，只是还没有进过加工的信息。先看一下这段代码，首先导入requests库，然后向URL发送一个get请求，得到了一个response响应，然后我们打印出响应的内容。
先来将一下这个请求的URL地址怎么来的，我们以谷歌浏览器为例子，打开到12306车票查询界面，然后打开开发者工具

将开发者工具跳到Network页面，然后点击查询按钮

在页面会出现发出的请求和响应内容，查看第一个详细信息


这里可以看见请求的URL，请求的方法

点击Preview，你在下面会看见和刚才运行代码控制台打印出来的内容一样，其实我们得到的响应内容就是得到的这里的信息，我们在回过头来分析一下刚才的代码，我们仔细看一下请求的URL：

https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/queryX?leftTicketDTO.train_date=2019-03-09&leftTicketDTO.from_station=BJP&leftTicketDTO.to_station=SHH&purpose_codes=ADULT

train_date=2019-03-09 这个就是我们查询车票的时间
from_station=BJP 这个就是代表起始站
left_station=SHH 这个就是代表终点站
分析完URL之后，我们就可以改变其中的参数来爬取不同车次的信息。
requests向目标URL发送请求的时候有多种请求方式，我们刚才获取到的详细信息是一个get请求，就可以用requests.get()这个方法来发送请求，然后用response接受请求之后的响应。response.text是得到响应的文本内容，response还可以将响应的内容转化为json格式。

response.json()

接下来我们对得到的数据进行解析

result = response.json()['data']['result']

for i in range(len(result)):
    checi = result[i].split("|")[3]  # 车次信息
    start_time = result[i].split("|")[8]  # 出发时间
    end_time = result[i].split("|")[9]  # 到达时间
    need_time = result[i].split("|")[10]  # 历时
    normal_seat = result[i].split("|")[32]  # 商务座余票
    first_seat = result[i].split("|")[31]  # 一等座余票
    second_seat = result[i].split("|")[30]  # 二等座余票
    print(checi, start_time, end_time, need_time, normal_seat, first_seat, second_seat)

运行后会发现控制台打印出了解析过后的信息，然后我们就可以得到这些信息了，这就是一个简单的爬取12306的信息的爬虫，先就到这里了，大家需要注意一下，有的网站做了反爬虫，有时候会封你的ip，例如某外卖，下次说一下爬虫框架scrapy。