1、初识spring及IOC理论
spring是一个轻量级的IOC(控制反转)和面向切口(AOP)的框架
1.1、什么是IOC控制反转?
我们原来的方式写一个dao层和servie的代码:
1)dao层的接口
public interface UserDao {
void getUser();
}
2 ) dao层的实现类
public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao {
public void getUser() {
System.out.println("获取数据");
}
}
3)service层的接口
public interface UserService {
void getUserService();
}
4)service层的实现类
public class UserSerivceImpl implements UserService {
private UserDao userDao = new UserDaoImpl();
public void getUserService() {
userDao.getUser();
}
}
5)测试
@Test
public void test(){
UserSerivceImpl userSerivce = new UserSerivceImpl();
userSerivce.getUserService();
}
这样可以完成程序,如果我们要添加一个功能,那么就需要新创建一个UserDao的实现类
public class UserDaoMySql implements UserDao {
public void getUser() {
System.out.println("MySql读取数据");
}
}
然后在service中去修改实现类
public class UserSerivceImpl implements UserService {
private UserDao userDao = new UserDaoMySql();
public void getUserService() {
userDao.getUser();
}
}
这个时候我们发现,如果要新增很多的功能的话,程序将会特别的臃肿,不方便操作,那么我们在service层中的实现类中添加一个set方法,用户需要添加什么功能,直接在set方法中传递参数就可以了。这样我们就把程序的主动权从我们手里交给了用户。
@Test
public void test(){
UserSerivceImpl userSerivce = new UserSerivceImpl();
userSerivce.setUserDao(new UserDaoMySql());
userSerivce.getUserService();
}
1.2、控制反转的本质
一种通过描述(XML或注解)并通过第三方去生产或获取特定对象的方式。在Spring中实现控制反转的是IoC容器,其实现方法是依赖注入(Dependency Injection,DI)。
2、创建spring程序
2.1、利用maven导入spring所需要的jar包
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
<version>5.2.0.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
2.2、编写代码
- 使用无参构造生成对象
1)实体类
public class Hello {
private String name;
public Hello(){
}
public Hello(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Hello{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
'}';
}
}
2)在resources文件夹中生成applicationContext.xml配置文件
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<!--id是对象名,class是类的路径,property是成员变量赋值-->
<bean id="hello" class="hellosp.Hello">
<property name="name" value="spring!"/>
</bean>
</beans>
3)测试
@Test
public void test(){
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
Hello hello = (Hello) context.getBean("hello");
System.out.println(hello.toString());
}
- 使用有参构造生成对象
1)根据构造方法中参数的名字来传递值
<bean id="hello" class="hellosp.Hello">
<constructor-arg name="name" value="spring!"/>
</bean>
2)根据构造方法中参数的坐标来传递值
<bean id="hello" class="hellosp.Hello">
<constructor-arg index="0" value="spring!"/>
</bean>
3)根据构造方法中参数的类型来传递值
<bean id="hello" class="hellosp.Hello">
<constructor-arg type="java.lang.String" value="spring!"/>
</bean>
3、spring的依赖注入(DI)
3.1、什么是DI?
- 依赖:Bean对象的创建依赖于容器
- 注入:Bean对象所依赖的资源,由容器来配置和装配
- 依赖注入分为构造器注入、set方法注入、pname和cname注入
3.1、set方法注入
- 使用set方法注入的属性必须含有set方法,并且方法名为set+属性名(首字母大写)
1)实体类
public class Student {
private String name;
private Address address;
private String[] books;
private List<String> hobbys;
private Map<String,String> card;
private Set<String> games;
private String wife;
private Properties info;
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public void setAddress(Address address) {
this.address = address;
}
public void setBooks(String[] books) {
this.books = books;
}
public void setHobbys(List<String> hobbys) {
this.hobbys = hobbys;
}
public void setCard(Map<String, String> card) {
this.card = card;
}
public void setGames(Set<String> games) {
this.games = games;
}
public void setWife(String wife) {
this.wife = wife;
}
public void setInfo(Properties info) {
this.info = info;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Student{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", address=" + address +
", books=" + Arrays.toString(books) +
", hobbys=" + hobbys +
", card=" + card +
", games=" + games +
", wife='" + wife + '\'' +
", info=" + info +
'}';
}
}
public class Address {
private Address address;
public Address getAddress() {
return address;
}
public void setAddress(Address address) {
this.address = address;
}
}
2)注入字符串常量
<bean id="stu1" class="setDI.Student">
<property name="name" value="Henry"/>
</bean>
3)注入Bean,因为address是一个对象,所以要先在xml文档中生成address的bean
<!--注入address-->
<bean id="address" class="setDI.Address">
<property name="address" value="陕西宝鸡"/>
</bean>
<!--stu对象中添加address-->
<bean id="stu1" class="setDI.Student">
<property name="name" value="Henry"/>
<property name="address" ref="address"/>
<property name="books">
<array>
<value>语文</value>
<value>数学</value>
<value>英语</value>
</array>
</property>
<!--list类型-->
<property name="hobbys">
<list>
<value>打游戏</value>
<value>看电影</value>
</list>
</property>
<!--map类型-->
<property name="card">
<map>
<entry key="陕西" value="西安"/>
<entry key="甘肃" value="兰州"/>
</map>
</property>
<!--set类型-->
<property name="games">
<set>
<value>DNF</value>
<value>CF</value>
</set>
</property>
<!--其它类型-->
<property name="info">
<props>
<prop key="姓名">Henry</prop>
<prop key="学号">123</prop>
</props>
</property>
<!--值为null-->
<property name="wife">
<null/>
</property>
</bean>
3.3、p命名空间注入
实体类中没有构造方法
public class User {
private String name;
private int age;
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "User{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", age=" + age +
'}';
}
}
- 使用p命名空间注入前要先导入约束:xmlns:p=“http://www.springframework.org/schema/p”
<bean id="user" class="setDI.User" p:name="Henry" p:age="22"/>
- 我们发现在bean中没有使用构造方法就给对象赋值了,本质上是bean调用的setXXX方法
3.4、c命名空间注入
- c命名空间注入本质上是利用构造方法传参来创建对象,如果没有有参构造方法,则会报错
<bean id="user2" class="setDI.User" c:name="Henry2" c:age="20"/>
4、Bean的作用域
4.1、singleton
- 当一个bean的作用域为Singleton,那么Spring IoC容器中只会存在一个共享的bean实例,并且所有对bean的请求,只要id与该bean定义相匹配,则只会返回bean的同一实例。Singleton是单例类型,就是在创建起容器时就同时自动创建了一个bean的对象,不管你是否使用,他都存在了,每次获取到的对象都是同一个对象。注意,Singleton作用域是Spring中的缺省作用域。要在XML中将bean定义成singleton,可以这样配置:
<bean id="user" class="setDI.User" c:name="Henry2" c:age="20" scope="singleton"/>
验证测试:
@Test
public void test(){
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
User user1 = (User) context.getBean("user");
User user2 = (User) context.getBean("user");
System.out.println(user1==user2);
}
最后结果为true
4.2、prototype
- 当一个bean的作用域为Prototype,表示一个bean定义对应多个对象实例。Prototype作用域的bean会导致在每次对该bean请求(将其注入到另一个bean中,或者以程序的方式调用容器的getBean()方法)时都会创建一个新的bean实例。Prototype是原型类型,它在我们创建容器的时候并没有实例化,而是当我们获取bean的时候才会去创建一个对象,而且我们每次获取到的对象都不是同一个对象。根据经验,对有状态的bean应该使用prototype作用域,而对无状态的bean则应该使用singleton作用域。在XML中将bean定义成prototype,可以这样配置:
<bean id="user" class="setDI.User" c:name="Henry2" c:age="20" scope="prototype"/>
验证测试:
@Test
public void test(){
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
User user1 = (User) context.getBean("user");
User user2 = (User) context.getBean("user");
System.out.println(user1==user2);
}
最后结果为false
5、自动化装配Bean
5.1、搭建测试所需要的类
1)实体类
public class Eat {
public void eat(){
System.out.println("咥面");
}
}
public class Sleep {
public void sleep(){
System.out.println("睡席梦思");
}
}
public class People {
private Eat eat;
private Sleep sleep;
private String name;
public void setEat(Eat eat) {
this.eat = eat;
}
public void setSleep(Sleep sleep) {
this.sleep = sleep;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public Eat getEat() {
return eat;
}
public Sleep getSleep() {
return sleep;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "People{" +
"eat=" + eat +
", sleep=" + sleep +
", name='" + name + '\'' +
'}';
}
}
2)编写xml
<bean id="people" class="autobean.People">
<property name="eat" ref="eat"/>
<property name="sleep" ref="sleep"/>
<property name="name" value="Henry"/>
</bean>
3)测试结果
@Test
public void test(){
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
People people = (People) context.getBean("people");
System.out.println(people.getName());
people.getEat().eat();
people.getSleep().sleep();
}
5.2、byName
- byName是根据autowire byName按照id的名称进行自动装配。具体步骤为:
- 查找类中的setXXX方法,例如setEat(),然后得到去掉set的字符串即eat
- 再id中寻找与eat相同的bean对象
- 如果有,就注入,没有则报空指针异常
<bean id="person" class="autobean.People" autowire="byName">
<property name="name" value="Henry"/>
</bean>
因为上文中的eat对象和sleep对象已经配置完成了,所以会自动配置
5.3、byType
- byType是按照类型进行匹配
<bean id="person" class="autobean.People" autowire="byType">
<property name="name" value="Henry"/>
</bean>
6、使用注解进行自动装配
- 使用@Autowire
实体类
public class People {
@Autowired
private Eat eat;
@Autowired
private Sleep sleep;
private String name;
public void setEat(Eat eat) {
this.eat = eat;
}
public void setSleep(Sleep sleep) {
this.sleep = sleep;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public Eat getEat() {
return eat;
}
public Sleep getSleep() {
return sleep;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "People{" +
"eat=" + eat +
", sleep=" + sleep +
", name='" + name + '\'' +
'}';
}
}
class Test4{
@Test
public void test(){
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
People people = (People) context.getBean("person");
System.out.println(people.getName());
people.getEat().eat();
people.getSleep().sleep();
}
}
- xml配置文件
<bean id="eat2" class="autobean.Eat"/>
<bean id="sleep2" class="autobean.Sleep"/>
<bean id="person" class="autobean.People" p:name="Henry"/>
- 使用@Quaifier,根据byName进行装配,不能单独使用,需要和根据类型进行装配的@Autowire配合使用
<bean id="eat2" class="autobean.Eat"/>
<bean id="eat3" class="autobean.Eat"/>
<bean id="sleep2" class="autobean.Sleep"/>
<bean id="sleep3" class="autobean.Sleep"/>
<bean id="person" class="autobean.People" p:name="Henry"/>
- 此时,只是用@Quaifier会报错,需要配合@Autowire使用
@Autowired
@Qualifier(value = "eat2")
private Eat eat;
@Autowired
@Qualifier(value = "sleep2")
private Sleep sleep;
- @Resource如有指定的name属性,先按该属性进行byName方式查找装配;其次再进行默认的byName方式进行装配;如果以上都不成功,则按byType的方式自动装配。都不成功,则报异常。