python入门

列表

插入

删除

bicycle=['treck','cannonale','redline','specialized']
print(bicycle[-1])
mesage = f"My first bicycle was a {bicycle[0].title()}"
print(mesage)

#添加
bicycle.append("ducati")
print(bicycle)

#插入
bicycle.insert(2,"suziki")
print(bicycle)

#删除
del bicycle[2]
print(bicycle)

#删除方法pop从末尾删除
pop_motorcycle = bicycle.pop(0)
print(f"the last bicycle I owned was a {pop_motorcycle.title()}")

#根据值删除元素  remove只删除第一个指定的值
bicycle.remove('redline')
print(bicycle)

# 排序方法 sort() 永久保存 和sorted() 临时保存
bicycle.sort(reverse=True)

bicycle.sort(reverse=True)

# 倒着打印列表
bicycle.reverse()

# 确定列表长度
length = len(bicycle)
print(length)

循环

只有要在for循环中对每个元素执行的代码需要缩进

## range函数  从指定的第一个位置开始数，直到你指定的第二个值结束
for item in range(1,5):
  print(item)

# 使用range船舰数字列表 从2开始数，不断加2，直到达到或者超过11
numbers = list(range(2,11,2))
print(numbers)

#10个数的平方放入数组中
square = []
for item in range(1,11):
  vaule = item**2
  square.append(vaule)
print(square)

squares = [item**2 for item in range(1,11)]
print(squares)

# 对数字进行简单的统计
min(square)
max(square)
sum(square)

# 切片
players = ['charls','kuli','qiaodan','kebi']
print(players[1:3])
print(players[:2])
print(players[2:]) # 提取到最后
print(players[-3:]) # 始终是提取最后三个人的名字

#遍历切片
for player in players[-3:]:
  print(player.title())

#复制列表
favorite_player = players[:]
favorite_player.append("fufu")
print(favorite_player)
#如果直接favorite_player = players,这样的话两个副本就是一样的，而不是两个不同的副本了

# 元组 不可改变的值 用圆括号
dimensions = (200,50)
print(dimensions[0])
print(dimensions[1])

#创建只有一个值的元组，也要加逗号
my_t= (3,)

# 遍历
for item in dimensions:
  print(item)

# 修改元组变量,修改变量是可以的，但是不可以dimensions[0]这样改
dimensions = (400,100)

if语句

#and并列两个条件 or或者
age_0 = 22
age_1 = 18
if age_0>18 and age_1<=21:
  print("yes")
if age_0>18 or age_1<=21:
  print("yes")

# 检查特定值是否在列表中
request_toppings = ['mushroom','onlins','pineapple']
if 'mushroom' in request_toppings:
  print("yes")
# 检查特定值不在列表中
request_toppings = ['mushroom','onlins','pineapple','greenpaper']
if 'mushrodom' not in request_toppings:
  print("no")

# if-elif-else
age = 12
if age<4:
  print("4")
elif age<18:
  print("18")
elif age<25:
  print("18")
else:
  print("30")

# for和if的综合训练
for item in request_toppings:
  if item == 'greenpaper':
    print("sorry,we out of green apple right now")
  else:
    print(f"adding {item}")

字典

#定义字典
alien_0 = {'color':'green','point':5}
print(alien_0['color'])
print(alien_0['point'])

# 添加键值对
alien_0['x_position'] = 0
alien_0['y_position'] = 25
print(alien_0)

# 删除键值对
del alien_0['x_position']

#大字典
favorite_language = {
  'jen':'python',
  'smash':'c',
  'edward':'ruby',
  'phill':'python',
}
language = favorite_language['smash'].title()
print(f"smashs favorite langeage is {language}")

# get访问值_没有则返回默认值
point_vaule = alien_0.get("points",'no point value assigned')
print(point_vaule)

#遍历字典
for key,item in favorite_language.items():
  print(f"key is {key}\n")
  print(f"item is {item}\n")

#遍历字典中的所有键和值
for key in favorite_language.keys():
  print(f"key is {key}\n")
for key in favorite_language:
  print(f"key is {key}\n")
for key in favorite_language.values():
  print(f"values is {key}\n")

#按特定顺序遍历所有的键
for name in sorted(favorite_language.keys()):
  print(f"{name.title()},thankyou foe taking the poll")

# 使用set集合剔除重复值
for key in set(favorite_language.values()):
  print(f"values is {key}\n")

#集合
language = {"python",'c','java'}

#多个嵌套
aliens = []
alien_1 = {"color":'green','point':10}
alien_2 = {"color":'green','point':10}
alien_3 = {"color":'green','point':10}
alien_4 = {"color":'green','point':10}
alien_5 = {"color":'green','point':10}

for item in range(1,30):
  new_alien = {"color":'green','point':10}
  aliens.append(new_alien)
for alien in aliens[:5]:
  print(alien)

#将前三个改为黄色
for item in aliens[:3]:
  item['color'] = 'yellow'

#在字典中存储列表
pizza = {
  'crust':'thick',
  'topping':['mushroom','rxtra cheese']
}
for item in pizza['topping']:
  print(item+"\n")


favorite_language = {
  'jen':['python','c'],
  'smash':['c','java'],
  'edward':['ruby','bvbv'],
  'phill':['python','jada'],
}
for item,key in favorite_language.items():
  print(f"{item.title()}'s favorite language are:")
  for vaule in key:
    print(f"\n{vaule.title()}")
#在字典中嵌套字典
users = {
  'aeinstein':{
    'first':'alvert',
    'last':'einstein',
    'location':'princetion'
  },
  'mcuie':{
    'first':'alvert',
    'last':'einstein',
    'location':'princetion'
  }
}
for item,key in users.items():
  print(f"\nUsername:{item}")
  fullname = f"{key['first']} {key['last']}"
  location = key['location']

用户输入和循环

#input
message = input("tell me something,and i will repeat it back to you:")
print(message)

#提示字段多行
prompt = "if we tell us who you are,we can personalize the message you see."
prompt+='\nwhat is your first name?'
name=input(prompt)
print(f"\nhello,{name}")

#input输入的字符是字符串，怎么将其变成数字，使用int（）
age = input("how old are you?")
age = int(age)

#while循环
message = ''
while message !='quit':
  message = input(prompt)
  if message !='quit':
    print(message)

# while循环处理列表和字典
unconfirmed_users = ['alice','brain','candace']
confirmed_users = []
while unconfirmed_users:
  current_user = unconfirmed_users.pop()
  print(f"verifying user:{current_user}")
  confirmed_users.append(current_user)

#删除特定值
while 'alice' in unconfirmed_users:
  unconfirmed_users.remove('alice')

#用户输入来填充字典
responses = {}
polling_active = True

while polling_active:
  name = input("what's your name?")
  response = input("which mountain would you like to climb someday?")

  responses[name] = response

  repeat = input("would you want to let another person respond the question?")
  if repeat = 'no':c
    polling_active = False
for name,response in responses.items():
  print(f"{name} would like to climb {respond}")

函数

#导入模块
import dictionary as p
#导入特定函数 用as设置别名
from dictionary import build_person as mp
# 导入模块中的所有函数
from list import buli

#函数中设置默认值
def build_person(first_name,last_name,age=None):
  person = {'first':first_name,'last':last_name}
  if age:
    person['age'] = age
  return person
build_person('jimi','hendrix',age=27)

#禁止函数修改列表,使用的是副本
upprined_designs=['phome','ddd']
completed_models = 2
build_person(upprined_designs[:],completed_models)

#传递任意数量的实参
def make_pizza(*toppings):
  print(toppings)
make_pizza('peeee','fff')

#使用任意数量的关键字实参 键值对
def build_perfile(first,last,**user_info):
  user_info['first_name'] = first
  user_info['last_name'] = last
  return user_info

user_info = build_perfile('alvert','einstein',
                          location='peicetoon',field='physics')
print(user_info)

类

class Car:
  def __init__(self,make,model,year):
    self.make = make
    self.model = model
    self.year = year
    self.odometer_reading = 0
  def get_desciptive_name(self):
    return f"{self.make} {self.model} {self.year}"
  def read_odometer(self):
    print(f"this car has{self.odometer_reading} miles on it")
  def update_odometer(self,mileage):
    if mileage>=self.odometer_reading:
      self.odometer_reading = mileage
    else:
      print("you cannot roll back an odometer")
  def increment_odometer(self,miles):
    self.odometer_reading+=miles

class electricCar(Car):
  def __init__(self,make,model,year):
    super.__init__(make,model,year)
    self.battery_size = 5
    self.battery = Car('bb','mmm',5)
my_resla = electricCar('bb','mmm',5)
my_resla.battery.get_desciptive_name() #将实例用作属性

从一个模块中导入多个类

from car import Car,ElectricCar

导入整个模块

import car

导入模块中所有的类

from model_name import *

json

json.jump()和json.load()

numbers = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
with open(filename,'w') as f:
  json.dump(numbers,f)
 json.load(f)