多态
公有继承派生类对象使用基类的方法,如果希望同一种方法派生类和基类的行为是不同的,也即方法的行为取决于调用该方法的对象,这种行为称为多态。
- 基类使用虚方法(此时派生类自动成为虚方法,可以指出也可以不指出)。
- 基类不使用虚方法,在派生类直接重定义该方法。
声明为virtual
如果不将函数声明为virtual,程序将根据引用类型或者指针类型选择方法。如果声明为virtual,程序将根据引用或者指针指向对象本身的类型来选择方法。
举例来说
基类中方法和析构函数均不声明为virtual的情况
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
using namespace std;
class Base
{
public:
Base() { cout << "created Base\n"; }
void function() { cout << "this is Base's function" << endl; }
~Base(){cout << "this is Base's destroy" << endl;}
};
class Derived : public Base
{
public:
Derived(){ cout << "created derived" << endl;}
void function(){cout << "this is Derived's function" << endl;}
~Derived(){cout << "this is Derived's destroy" << endl;}
};
int main()
{
Base* ptr = new Derived;
// std::unique_ptr<Base> ptr(new Derived);
ptr->function();
delete ptr; // delete 语句的根本含义在于调用其析构函数,并释放内存
return 0;
}
输出
created Base
created derived 可以看出构造函数不受影响,被执行了
this is Base's function 虽然对象是派生类,但是由于指针是指向基类的,所以执行了基类的方法
this is Base's destroy 虽然对象是派生类,但由于指针是指向基类的,所以只执行了基类的析构函数,所以该对象未被完全释放。
基类中方法与析构函数均声明为virtual的情况
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
using namespace std;
class Base
{
public:
Base() { cout << "created Base\n"; }
virtual void function() { cout << "this is Base's function" << endl; }
virtual ~Base(){cout << "this is Base's destroy" << endl;}
};
class Derived : public Base
{
public:
Derived(){ cout << "created derived" << endl;}
void function(){cout << "this is Derived's function" << endl;}
~Derived(){cout << "this is Derived's destroy" << endl;}
};
int main()
{
Base* ptr = new Derived;
// std::unique_ptr<Base> ptr(new Derived);
ptr->function();
delete ptr; // delete 语句的根本含义在于调用其析构函数,并释放内存
return 0;
}
输出
created Base
created derived
this is Derived's function 执行的是派生类的方法,虽然指针指向的是基类
this is Derived's destroy 析构函数也被正确调用了,
this is Base's destroy
其他说明
若方法是通过对象(而不是指针或者引用调用的),则没有虚方法特性!