Docker学习入门(三)

Docker的常用命令

帮助命令


docker version     # 显示docker的版本信息
docker info        # 显示docker的系统信息,包括镜像和容器的数量
docker 命令 --help # 帮助命令
  • 帮助文档地址:https://docs.docker.com/reference/

镜像命令


  1. docker images 查看所有本地的主机上的镜像
forse@01Z1m1j22037334:/$ sudo docker images -a
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
hello-world   latest    feb5d9fea6a5   11 months ago   13.3kB

#解释
REPOSITORY 镜像的仓库源
TAG        镜像的标签(版本)
IMAGE ID   镜像的ID
CREATED    镜像的创建时间
SIZE       镜像的大小

#可选项
  -a, --all             # 列出所有的镜像
  -q, --quiet           # Only show image IDs
  1. docker search 搜索镜像
forse@01Z1m1j22037334:/$ sudo docker search mysql
NAME                            DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
mysql                           MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   13142     [OK]   

# 可选项
--filter=START=5000    #只显示收藏5000以上的mysql
  1. docker pull 拉取镜像
# 下载镜像 docker pull 镜像名[:tag](版本号)
forse@01Z1m1j22037334:/$ sudo docker pull mysql
Using default tag: latest # 如果不写tag默认下载最新版
latest: Pulling from library/mysql
492d84e496ea: Pull complete # 分层下载,联合文件系统
bbe20050901c: Pull complete 
e3a5e171c2f8: Pull complete 
c2cedd8aa061: Pull complete 
d6a485af4cc9: Pull complete 
ee16a57baf60: Pull complete 
64bab9180d2a: Pull complete 
c3aceb7e4f48: Pull complete 
269002e5cf58: Pull complete 
d5abeb1bd18e: Pull complete 
cbd79da5fab6: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:cdf3b62d78d1bbb1d2bd6716895a84014e00716177cbb7e90f6c6a37a21dc796 # 签名
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:latest
docker.io/library/mysql:latest  # 真实地址
# 也可使用真实地址拉取,下面两条指令等价
sudo docker pull mysql
sudo docker pull docker.io/library/mysql:latest
# 可选项,指定版本下载
forse@01Z1m1j22037334:/$ sudo docker pull mysql:5.7
5.7: Pulling from library/mysql
9815334b7810: Pull complete 
f85cb6fccbfd: Pull complete 
b63612353671: Pull complete 
447901201612: Pull complete 
9b6bc806cc29: Pull complete 
24ec1f4b3b0d: Pull complete 
207ed1eb2fd4: Pull complete 
27cbde3edd97: Pull complete 
0a5aa35cc154: Pull complete 
e6c92bf6471b: Pull complete 
07b80de0d1af: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:c1bda6ecdbc63d3b0d3a3a3ce195de3dd755c4a0658ed782a16a0682216b9a48
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:5.7
docker.io/library/mysql:5.7

现在我们就有了三个镜像在这里插入图片描述

  1. docker rmi 删除镜像
# 删除指定的容器
sudo docker rmi -f 镜像id
# 删除多个容器
sudo docker rmi -f 镜像id 镜像id 镜像id
# 删除全部的容器
sudo docker rmi -f &(docker images -aq)

容器命令


说明:有了镜像才可以创建容器
下面的容器命令都使用Ubuntu来试验,所以需要先拉取一个Ubuntu镜像

sudo docker pull ubuntu
  1. 新建容器并启动
sudo docker run [可选参数] 镜像名

# 可选参数
--name="NAME"   # 容器名字,用来区分容器
-d              # 后台方式运行
-it             # 使用交互方式运行,进入容器查看内容
-p              # 指定容器的端口 -p 8080
    # 可用方式
    # -p ip:主机端口:容器端口
    # -p 主机端口:容器端口
    # -p 容器端口
    # 容器端口
-P               # 随机指定端口
# 测试,启动并进入容器
forse@01Z1m1j22037334:/$ sudo docker run -it ubuntu /bin/bash #最后这个/bin/bash表示容器命令的方式,Ubuntu容器如果不填,默认是bash
root@e8d87cd91f94:/# ls
bin   dev  home  lib32  libx32  mnt  proc  run   srv  tmp  var
boot  etc  lib   lib64  media   opt  root  sbin  sys  usr
root@e8d87cd91f94:/# ps
  PID TTY          TIME CMD
    1 pts/0    00:00:00 bash
   10 pts/0    00:00:00 ps

# 从容其中退回主机
root@e8d87cd91f94:/# exit
exit
forse@01Z1m1j22037334:/$ ls
bin   dev  forse  init  lib32  libx32      media  opt   root  sbin  srv  tmp  var
boot  etc  home   lib   lib64  lost+found  mnt    proc  run   snap  sys  usr
  1. 列出所有正在运行的容器
#docker ps命令
     # 列出当前正在运行的所有容器
-a   # 列出历史运行过的所有的容器,默认显示正在运行,只有加上-a才会显示历史运行过的。
-n=? # 显示最近创建的n个容器
-q   # 只显示容器id

forse@01Z1m1j22037334:/$ sudo docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES
forse@01Z1m1j22037334:/$ sudo docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND       CREATED          STATUS                          PORTS     NAMES
e8d87cd91f94   ubuntu         "/bin/bash"   9 minutes ago    Exited (0) About a minute ago             fervent_turing
993e1a13c657   ubuntu         "bash"        11 minutes ago   Exited (0) 10 minutes ago                 agitated_wright
7dacff4b47ed   feb5d9fea6a5   "/hello"      25 hours ago     Exited (0) 25 hours ago                   affectionate_bhabha
  1. 退出容器
exit          # 直接停止并退出
ctrl + p + q  # 容器不停止退出
  1. 删除容器
docker rm 容器id             # 删除指定的容器
docker rm  $(docker ps -aq)  # 删除所有容器
# 解释-f 是force的缩写,强制进行。
# 如果对正在运行的容器进行删除,会提示不能删除,但是如果加上-f依旧可以删除。

docker ps -a -q|xargs docker rm # 删除所有容器
  1. 启动和停止容器
docker start 容器id     # 启动容器
docker restart 容器id   # 重启容器
docker stop 容器id      # 停止当前正在运行的容器
docker kill 容器id      # 强制停止当前正在运行的容器

其他常用的命令

  1. 后台启动容器
# 命令 docker run -d 镜像名
forse@01Z1m1j22037334:/$ sudo docker run -d ubuntu
2867e23cf7e4afa118170f14678a3754006c85bb2b3d356765917822859bc108

# 一个问题: docker ps。发现Ubuntu停止了
# docker 容器使用后台运行,就必须要有一个前台进程,docker发现没有应用,就会自动停止
# nginx,容器启动后,发现自己没有提供服务,就会立刻停止,就是没有程序了。
  1. 查看日志
# 命令 docker  logs 镜像id
forse@01Z1m1j22037334:/$ sudo docker logs -tf --tail 10 2867e23cf7e4

# 自己写一段shell脚本,让容器中存在一个前台进程
forse@01Z1m1j22037334:/$ sudo docker run -d ubuntu /bin/bash -c "while true;do echo forse111;sleep 1;done"
60c96fae3f9f3842ea8a5ef1d238daa887159bc4a51c324b1a476dd2e365152c

forse@01Z1m1j22037334:/$ sudo docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS         PORTS     NAMES
60c96fae3f9f   ubuntu    "/bin/bash -c 'while…"   7 seconds ago   Up 5 seconds             eloquent_borg

# 显示日志
forse@01Z1m1j22037334:/etc/docker$ sudo docker logs -tf 60c96fae3f9f
2022-09-07T10:36:42.257978600Z forse111
2022-09-07T10:36:43.260616000Z forse111
2022-09-07T10:36:44.262080100Z forse111
2022-09-07T10:36:45.264288900Z forse111
2022-09-07T10:36:46.266965200Z forse111
2022-09-07T10:36:47.269596500Z forse111
2022-09-07T10:36:48.271188000Z forse111
2022-09-07T10:36:49.272525200Z forse111

# 可选项
-f            # 显示日志
-t            # 显示时间戳
-tail number  # 要显示的日志条数
  1. 查看容器中的进程信息
# 命令 docker top 容器id
forse@01Z1m1j22037334:/$ sudo docker top ae7adb561659
UID                 PID                 PPID                C                   STIME               TTY                 TIME                CMD
root                22324               22304               0                   18:45               ?                   00:00:00            /bin/bash -c while true;do echo forse111;sleep 1;done
root                22463               22324               0                   18:46               ?                   00:00:00            sleep 1

  1. 查看容器的元数据
# 命令 docker inspect 容器id
forse@01Z1m1j22037334:/$ sudo docker inspect ae7adb561659
[
    {
        "Id": "ae7adb561659be8aba977955134ac4eedb188985660629127c70a90a73a3e0ff",
        "Created": "2022-09-07T10:45:44.692006Z",
        "Path": "/bin/bash",
        "Args": [
            "-c",
            "while true;do echo forse111;sleep 1;done"
        ],
        "State": {
            "Status": "running",
            "Running": true,
            "Paused": false,
            "Restarting": false,
            "OOMKilled": false,
            "Dead": false,
            "Pid": 22324,
            "ExitCode": 0,
            "Error": "",
            "StartedAt": "2022-09-07T10:45:45.1699566Z",
            "FinishedAt": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
        },
        "Image": "sha256:2dc39ba059dcd42ade30aae30147b5692777ba9ff0779a62ad93a74de02e3e1f",
        "ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/ae7adb561659be8aba977955134ac4eedb188985660629127c70a90a73a3e0ff/resolv.conf",
        "HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/ae7adb561659be8aba977955134ac4eedb188985660629127c70a90a73a3e0ff/hostname",
        "HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/ae7adb561659be8aba977955134ac4eedb188985660629127c70a90a73a3e0ff/hosts",
        "LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/ae7adb561659be8aba977955134ac4eedb188985660629127c70a90a73a3e0ff/ae7adb561659be8aba977955134ac4eedb188985660629127c70a90a73a3e0ff-json.log",
        "Name": "/brave_golick",
        "RestartCount": 0,
        "Driver": "overlay2",
        "Platform": "linux",
        "MountLabel": "",
        "ProcessLabel": "",
        "AppArmorProfile": "",
        "ExecIDs": null,
        "HostConfig": {
            "Binds": null,
            "ContainerIDFile": "",
            "LogConfig": {
                "Type": "json-file",
                "Config": {}
            },
            "NetworkMode": "default",
            "PortBindings": {},
            "RestartPolicy": {
                "Name": "no",
                "MaximumRetryCount": 0
            },
            "AutoRemove": false,
            "VolumeDriver": "",
            "VolumesFrom": null,
            "CapAdd": null,
            "CapDrop": null,
            "CgroupnsMode": "host",
            "Dns": [],
            "DnsOptions": [],
            "DnsSearch": [],
            "ExtraHosts": null,
            "GroupAdd": null,
            "IpcMode": "private",
            "Cgroup": "",
            "Links": null,
            "OomScoreAdj": 0,
            "PidMode": "",
            "Privileged": false,
            "PublishAllPorts": false,
            "ReadonlyRootfs": false,
            "SecurityOpt": null,
            "UTSMode": "",
            "UsernsMode": "",
            "ShmSize": 67108864,
            "Runtime": "runc",
            "ConsoleSize": [
                0,
                0
            ],
            "Isolation": "",
            "CpuShares": 0,
            "Memory": 0,
            "NanoCpus": 0,
            "CgroupParent": "",
            "BlkioWeight": 0,
            "BlkioWeightDevice": [],
            "BlkioDeviceReadBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceReadIOps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": null,
            "CpuPeriod": 0,
            "CpuQuota": 0,
            "CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,
            "CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
            "CpusetCpus": "",
            "CpusetMems": "",
            "Devices": [],
            "DeviceCgroupRules": null,
            "DeviceRequests": null,
            "KernelMemory": 0,
            "KernelMemoryTCP": 0,
            "MemoryReservation": 0,
            "MemorySwap": 0,
            "MemorySwappiness": null,
            "OomKillDisable": false,
            "PidsLimit": null,
            "Ulimits": null,
            "CpuCount": 0,
            "CpuPercent": 0,
            "IOMaximumIOps": 0,
            "IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,
            "MaskedPaths": [
                "/proc/asound",
                "/proc/acpi",
                "/proc/kcore",
                "/proc/keys",
                "/proc/latency_stats",
                "/proc/timer_list",
                "/proc/timer_stats",
                "/proc/sched_debug",
                "/proc/scsi",
                "/sys/firmware"
            ],
            "ReadonlyPaths": [
                "/proc/bus",
                "/proc/fs",
                "/proc/irq",
                "/proc/sys",
                "/proc/sysrq-trigger"
            ]
        },
        "GraphDriver": {
            "Data": {
                "LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/7d5cebb1cccab06c24bd1078f7752079f0106370daf52887e1982c06b4e93f88-init/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/20da1912f347c67ff0d82b204414b612b1020868e5ca6c70432b0f65687a30db/diff",
                "MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/7d5cebb1cccab06c24bd1078f7752079f0106370daf52887e1982c06b4e93f88/merged",
                "UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/7d5cebb1cccab06c24bd1078f7752079f0106370daf52887e1982c06b4e93f88/diff",
                "WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/7d5cebb1cccab06c24bd1078f7752079f0106370daf52887e1982c06b4e93f88/work"
            },
            "Name": "overlay2"
        },
        "Mounts": [],
        "Config": {
            "Hostname": "ae7adb561659",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": false,
            "AttachStdout": false,
            "AttachStderr": false,
            "Tty": false,
            "OpenStdin": false,
            "StdinOnce": false,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
            ],
            "Cmd": [
                "/bin/bash",
                "-c",
                "while true;do echo forse111;sleep 1;done"
            ],
            "Image": "ubuntu",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": null,
            "OnBuild": null,
            "Labels": {}
        },
        "NetworkSettings": {
            "Bridge": "",
            "SandboxID": "eabef7d7a47d696284faef66b6eb77fe193fe9eaf67c608e7572944c3e3b9e59",
            "HairpinMode": false,
            "LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",
            "LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "Ports": {},
            "SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/eabef7d7a47d",
            "SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
            "SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,
            "EndpointID": "680d2456b40326ae34797884d867d92419294e45ccfb6255dae8419ae90b1e22",
            "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
            "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
            "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
            "IPPrefixLen": 16,
            "IPv6Gateway": "",
            "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
            "Networks": {
                "bridge": {
                    "IPAMConfig": null,
                    "Links": null,
                    "Aliases": null,
                    "NetworkID": "26de9db8749aa4dc319cda3fbcd74a84aae5acb5077e6aa11930ad09e66ab9b9",
                    "EndpointID": "680d2456b40326ae34797884d867d92419294e45ccfb6255dae8419ae90b1e22",
                    "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
                    "IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
                    "IPPrefixLen": 16,
                    "IPv6Gateway": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
                    "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
                    "DriverOpts": null
                }
            }
        }
    }
]
  1. 进入当前正在进行的容器
# 我们的容器通常是用后台方式运行的,需要进入容器,修改一些配置

# 命令
docker exec -it 容器id

# 测试
forse@01Z1m1j22037334:/$ sudo docker exec -it ae7adb561659 /bin/bash
root@ae7adb561659:/# ls
bin   dev  home  lib32  libx32  mnt  proc  run   srv  tmp  var
boot  etc  lib   lib64  media   opt  root  sbin  sys  usr

# 方式二
docker attach 容器id

# 测试
forse@01Z1m1j22037334:/$ sudo docker attach ae7adb561659
forse111
forse111
forse111
forse111
forse111

# docker exec     进入容器后开启一个新的终端,可以在里面操作(常用)
# docker attach   进入容器正在执行的终端,不会启动新的进程
  1. 从容器内拷贝文件到主机上
# 命令
docker cp 容器id:容器内路径 主机上路径

# 测试
# 进入到容器
forse@01Z1m1j22037334:/home$ sudo docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED              STATUS              PORTS     NAMES
e36e1a7bd353   ubuntu    "/bin/bash"   About a minute ago   Up About a minute             sad_cerf
forse@01Z1m1j22037334:/home$ sudo docker attach e36e1a7bd353
# 在docker中创建文件
root@e36e1a7bd353:/# cd home
root@e36e1a7bd353:/home# ls
root@e36e1a7bd353:/home# touch test.java
root@e36e1a7bd353:/home# ls
test.java
# 退回到主机上,将文件copy到主机上
root@e36e1a7bd353:/home# read escape sequence
forse@01Z1m1j22037334:/home$ docker cp 
forse@01Z1m1j22037334:/home$ sudo docker cp e36e1a7bd353:/home/test.java /home
forse@01Z1m1j22037334:/home$ ls
forse  test.java

# copy是一个手动过程,未来使用-v卷的技术,可以实现。

学习资源

哔哩哔哩 狂神说
https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1og4y1q7M4?p=12&spm_id_from=pageDriver&vd_source=7f509af7a827703d178517bdb37b3cfd

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