阅读Python源码-正则-翻译：re.py

学习Python需要怕有时候的忘记怎么翻译，存起来以防万一

01-部分翻译：

1，类介绍：

（a）类介绍-翻译：

r"""支持正则表达式 (RE)。

该模块提供的正则表达式匹配操作类似于
在 Perl 中找到的那些。它支持 8 位和 Unicode 字符串；两个都
正在处理的模式和字符串可以包含空字节和
US ASCII 范围之外的字符。

正则表达式可以包含特殊字符和普通字符。
大多数普通字符，如“A”、“a”或“0”，是最简单的
常用表达;他们只是匹配自己。你可以
连接普通字符，所以 last 匹配字符串 'last'。

特殊字符是：
    “。”         匹配除换行符以外的任何字符。
    "^"          匹配字符串的开头。
    "$"          匹配字符串的结尾或换行符之前字符串的结尾。
    "*"          匹配前面 RE 的 0 个或多个（贪婪）重复。贪婪意味着它将匹配尽可能多的重复。
    "+"          匹配前面 RE 的 1 个或多个（贪婪）重复。
    “？”         匹配前面 RE 的 0 或 1（贪心）。
    *?,+?,??     前三个特殊字符的非贪婪版本。
    {m,n}        匹配前面 RE 的 m 到 n 次重复。
    {m,n}？      上述的非贪婪版本。
    "\\"         转义特殊字符或表示特殊序列。
    []           表示一组字符。
         		 作为第一个字符的“^”表示补集。
    “|”           A|B=，创建一个匹配 A 或 B 的 RE。
    (...)        匹配括号内的 RE。稍后可以在字符串中检索或匹配内容。
    (?aiLmsux)   这些字母设置了下面定义的相应标志。
    (?:...)      正则括号的非分组版本。
    (?P<name>...) 组匹配的子字符串可以通过名称访问。
    (?P=name)     匹配名为 name 的组之前匹配的文本。
    （？＃...）    一条评论;忽略。
    (?=...)       匹配 if ... 匹配下一个，但不使用字符串。
    (?!...)       如果 ... 下一个不匹配则匹配。
    (?<=...)      如果前面有 ... 则匹配（必须是固定长度）。
    (?<!...)       如果前面没有 ... 则匹配（必须是固定长度）。
    (?(id/name)yes|no)    如果 id/name 的组匹配，则匹配 yes 模式，（可选）否则没有模式。

特殊序列由“\\”和列表中的一个字符组成
以下。如果普通字符不在列表中，则
结果 RE 将匹配第二个字符。
    \number       匹配相同编号的组的内容。
    \A           仅匹配字符串的开头。
    \Z           仅匹配字符串的末尾。
    \b           匹配空字符串，但只匹配单词的开头或结尾。
    \B           匹配空字符串，但不匹配单词的开头或结尾。
    \d           匹配任何十进制数字；等价于 [0-9] 中的集合
                 带有 ASCII 标志的字节模式或字符串模式。
                 在没有 ASCII 标志的字符串模式中，它将匹配整个
                 Unicode 数字范围。
    \D           匹配任何非数字字符；相当于 [^\d]。
    \s           匹配任何空白字符；相当于 [ \t\n\r\f\v] 中
                 带有 ASCII 标志的字节模式或字符串模式。
                 在没有 ASCII 标志的字符串模式中，它将匹配整个
                 Unicode 空白字符的范围。
    \S           匹配任何非空白字符；相当于 [^\s]。
    \w           匹配任何字母数字字符；相当于 [a-zA-Z0-9_]
             	带有 ASCII 标志的字节模式或字符串模式。
             	在没有 ASCII 标志的字符串模式中，它将匹配
             	Unicode 字母数字字符范围（字母加数字
             	加下划线）。
             	使用 LOCALE，它将匹配集合 [0-9_] 加上定义的字符
             	作为当前语言环境的字母。
    \W 			匹配 \w 的补码。
    \\ 			匹配文字反斜杠。

该模块导出以下函数：
    match 		将正则表达式模式匹配到字符串的开头。
    fullmatch 	将正则表达式模式匹配到所有字符串。
    search 		在字符串中搜索是否存在模式。
    sub 		替换在字符串中找到的模式的出现。
    subn 与 sub 相同，但也返回进行的替换次数。
    split 		根据出现的模式拆分字符串。
    findall 	查找字符串中所有出现的模式。
    finditer 	返回一个迭代器，为每个匹配项生成一个 Match 对象。
    compile 	将一个模式编译成一个 Pattern 对象。
    purge 		清除正则表达式缓存。
    			转义字符串中所有非字母数字的反斜杠。

除 purge 和 escape 之外的每个函数都可以采用可选的“标志”参数
由以下一个或多个模块常量组成，用“|”连接。
A, L

（b）类介绍：原文

r"""Support for regular expressions (RE).

This module provides regular expression matching operations similar to
those found in Perl.  It supports both 8-bit and Unicode strings; both
the pattern and the strings being processed can contain null bytes and
characters outside the US ASCII range.

Regular expressions can contain both special and ordinary characters.
Most ordinary characters, like "A", "a", or "0", are the simplest
regular expressions; they simply match themselves.  You can
concatenate ordinary characters, so last matches the string 'last'.

The special characters are:
    "."      Matches any character except a newline.
    "^"      Matches the start of the string.
    "$"      Matches the end of the string or just before the newline at
             the end of the string.
    "*"      Matches 0 or more (greedy) repetitions of the preceding RE.
             Greedy means that it will match as many repetitions as possible.
    "+"      Matches 1 or more (greedy) repetitions of the preceding RE.
    "?"      Matches 0 or 1 (greedy) of the preceding RE.
    *?,+?,?? Non-greedy versions of the previous three special characters.
    {m,n}    Matches from m to n repetitions of the preceding RE.
    {m,n}?   Non-greedy version of the above.
    "\\"     Either escapes special characters or signals a special sequence.
    []       Indicates a set of characters.
             A "^" as the first character indicates a complementing set.
    "|"      A|B, creates an RE that will match either A or B.
    (...)    Matches the RE inside the parentheses.
             The contents can be retrieved or matched later in the string.
    (?aiLmsux) The letters set the corresponding flags defined below.
    (?:...)  Non-grouping version of regular parentheses.
    (?P<name>...) The substring matched by the group is accessible by name.
    (?P=name)     Matches the text matched earlier by the group named name.
    (?#...)  A comment; ignored.
    (?=...)  Matches if ... matches next, but doesn't consume the string.
    (?!...)  Matches if ... doesn't match next.
    (?<=...) Matches if preceded by ... (must be fixed length).
    (?<!...) Matches if not preceded by ... (must be fixed length).
    (?(id/name)yes|no) Matches yes pattern if the group with id/name matched,
                       the (optional) no pattern otherwise.

The special sequences consist of "\\" and a character from the list
below.  If the ordinary character is not on the list, then the
resulting RE will match the second character.
    \number  Matches the contents of the group of the same number.
    \A       Matches only at the start of the string.
    \Z       Matches only at the end of the string.
    \b       Matches the empty string, but only at the start or end of a word.
    \B       Matches the empty string, but not at the start or end of a word.
    \d       Matches any decimal digit; equivalent to the set [0-9] in
             bytes patterns or string patterns with the ASCII flag.
             In string patterns without the ASCII flag, it will match the whole
             range of Unicode digits.
    \D       Matches any non-digit character; equivalent to [^\d].
    \s       Matches any whitespace character; equivalent to [ \t\n\r\f\v] in
             bytes patterns or string patterns with the ASCII flag.
             In string patterns without the ASCII flag, it will match the whole
             range of Unicode whitespace characters.
    \S       Matches any non-whitespace character; equivalent to [^\s].
    \w       Matches any alphanumeric character; equivalent to [a-zA-Z0-9_]
             in bytes patterns or string patterns with the ASCII flag.
             In string patterns without the ASCII flag, it will match the
             range of Unicode alphanumeric characters (letters plus digits
             plus underscore).
             With LOCALE, it will match the set [0-9_] plus characters defined
             as letters for the current locale.
    \W       Matches the complement of \w.
    \\       Matches a literal backslash.

This module exports the following functions:
    match     Match a regular expression pattern to the beginning of a string.
    fullmatch Match a regular expression pattern to all of a string.
    search    Search a string for the presence of a pattern.
    sub       Substitute occurrences of a pattern found in a string.
    subn      Same as sub, but also return the number of substitutions made.
    split     Split a string by the occurrences of a pattern.
    findall   Find all occurrences of a pattern in a string.
    finditer  Return an iterator yielding a Match object for each match.
    compile   Compile a pattern into a Pattern object.
    purge     Clear the regular expression cache.
    escape    Backslash all non-alphanumerics in a string.

Each function other than purge and escape can take an optional 'flags' argument
consisting of one or more of the following module constants, joined by "|".
A, L, and U are mutually exclusive.
    A  ASCII       For string patterns, make \w, \W, \b, \B, \d, \D
                   match the corresponding ASCII character categories
                   (rather than the whole Unicode categories, which is the
                   default).
                   For bytes patterns, this flag is the only available
                   behaviour and needn't be specified.
    I  IGNORECASE  Perform case-insensitive matching.
    L  LOCALE      Make \w, \W, \b, \B, dependent on the current locale.
    M  MULTILINE   "^" matches the beginning of lines (after a newline)
                   as well as the string.
                   "$" matches the end of lines (before a newline) as well
                   as the end of the string.
    S  DOTALL      "." matches any character at all, including the newline.
    X  VERBOSE     Ignore whitespace and comments for nicer looking RE's.
    U  UNICODE     For compatibility only. Ignored for string patterns (it
                   is the default), and forbidden for bytes patterns.

This module also defines an exception 'error'.

"""

02-源码：

#
# Secret Labs' Regular Expression Engine
#
# re-compatible interface for the sre matching engine
#
# Copyright (c) 1998-2001 by Secret Labs AB.  All rights reserved.
#
# This version of the SRE library can be redistributed under CNRI's
# Python 1.6 license.  For any other use, please contact Secret Labs
# AB (info@pythonware.com).
#
# Portions of this engine have been developed in cooperation with
# CNRI.  Hewlett-Packard provided funding for 1.6 integration and
# other compatibility work.
#

r"""Support for regular expressions (RE).

This module provides regular expression matching operations similar to
those found in Perl.  It supports both 8-bit and Unicode strings; both
the pattern and the strings being processed can contain null bytes and
characters outside the US ASCII range.

Regular expressions can contain both special and ordinary characters.
Most ordinary characters, like "A", "a", or "0", are the simplest
regular expressions; they simply match themselves.  You can
concatenate ordinary characters, so last matches the string 'last'.

The special characters are:
    "."      Matches any character except a newline.
    "^"      Matches the start of the string.
    "$"      Matches the end of the string or just before the newline at
             the end of the string.
    "*"      Matches 0 or more (greedy) repetitions of the preceding RE.
             Greedy means that it will match as many repetitions as possible.
    "+"      Matches 1 or more (greedy) repetitions of the preceding RE.
    "?"      Matches 0 or 1 (greedy) of the preceding RE.
    *?,+?,?? Non-greedy versions of the previous three special characters.
    {m,n}    Matches from m to n repetitions of the preceding RE.
    {m,n}?   Non-greedy version of the above.
    "\\"     Either escapes special characters or signals a special sequence.
    []       Indicates a set of characters.
             A "^" as the first character indicates a complementing set.
    "|"      A|B, creates an RE that will match either A or B.
    (...)    Matches the RE inside the parentheses.
             The contents can be retrieved or matched later in the string.
    (?aiLmsux) The letters set the corresponding flags defined below.
    (?:...)  Non-grouping version of regular parentheses.
    (?P<name>...) The substring matched by the group is accessible by name.
    (?P=name)     Matches the text matched earlier by the group named name.
    (?#...)  A comment; ignored.
    (?=...)  Matches if ... matches next, but doesn't consume the string.
    (?!...)  Matches if ... doesn't match next.
    (?<=...) Matches if preceded by ... (must be fixed length).
    (?<!...) Matches if not preceded by ... (must be fixed length).
    (?(id/name)yes|no) Matches yes pattern if the group with id/name matched,
                       the (optional) no pattern otherwise.

The special sequences consist of "\\" and a character from the list
below.  If the ordinary character is not on the list, then the
resulting RE will match the second character.
    \number  Matches the contents of the group of the same number.
    \A       Matches only at the start of the string.
    \Z       Matches only at the end of the string.
    \b       Matches the empty string, but only at the start or end of a word.
    \B       Matches the empty string, but not at the start or end of a word.
    \d       Matches any decimal digit; equivalent to the set [0-9] in
             bytes patterns or string patterns with the ASCII flag.
             In string patterns without the ASCII flag, it will match the whole
             range of Unicode digits.
    \D       Matches any non-digit character; equivalent to [^\d].
    \s       Matches any whitespace character; equivalent to [ \t\n\r\f\v] in
             bytes patterns or string patterns with the ASCII flag.
             In string patterns without the ASCII flag, it will match the whole
             range of Unicode whitespace characters.
    \S       Matches any non-whitespace character; equivalent to [^\s].
    \w       Matches any alphanumeric character; equivalent to [a-zA-Z0-9_]
             in bytes patterns or string patterns with the ASCII flag.
             In string patterns without the ASCII flag, it will match the
             range of Unicode alphanumeric characters (letters plus digits
             plus underscore).
             With LOCALE, it will match the set [0-9_] plus characters defined
             as letters for the current locale.
    \W       Matches the complement of \w.
    \\       Matches a literal backslash.

This module exports the following functions:
    match     Match a regular expression pattern to the beginning of a string.
    fullmatch Match a regular expression pattern to all of a string.
    search    Search a string for the presence of a pattern.
    sub       Substitute occurrences of a pattern found in a string.
    subn      Same as sub, but also return the number of substitutions made.
    split     Split a string by the occurrences of a pattern.
    findall   Find all occurrences of a pattern in a string.
    finditer  Return an iterator yielding a Match object for each match.
    compile   Compile a pattern into a Pattern object.
    purge     Clear the regular expression cache.
    escape    Backslash all non-alphanumerics in a string.

Each function other than purge and escape can take an optional 'flags' argument
consisting of one or more of the following module constants, joined by "|".
A, L, and U are mutually exclusive.
    A  ASCII       For string patterns, make \w, \W, \b, \B, \d, \D
                   match the corresponding ASCII character categories
                   (rather than the whole Unicode categories, which is the
                   default).
                   For bytes patterns, this flag is the only available
                   behaviour and needn't be specified.
    I  IGNORECASE  Perform case-insensitive matching.
    L  LOCALE      Make \w, \W, \b, \B, dependent on the current locale.
    M  MULTILINE   "^" matches the beginning of lines (after a newline)
                   as well as the string.
                   "$" matches the end of lines (before a newline) as well
                   as the end of the string.
    S  DOTALL      "." matches any character at all, including the newline.
    X  VERBOSE     Ignore whitespace and comments for nicer looking RE's.
    U  UNICODE     For compatibility only. Ignored for string patterns (it
                   is the default), and forbidden for bytes patterns.

This module also defines an exception 'error'.

"""

import enum
import sre_compile
import sre_parse
import functools
try:
    import _locale
except ImportError:
    _locale = None


# public symbols
__all__ = [
    "match", "fullmatch", "search", "sub", "subn", "split",
    "findall", "finditer", "compile", "purge", "template", "escape",
    "error", "Pattern", "Match", "A", "I", "L", "M", "S", "X", "U",
    "ASCII", "IGNORECASE", "LOCALE", "MULTILINE", "DOTALL", "VERBOSE",
    "UNICODE",
]

__version__ = "2.2.1"

class RegexFlag(enum.IntFlag):
    ASCII = A = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_ASCII # assume ascii "locale"
    IGNORECASE = I = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE # ignore case
    LOCALE = L = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_LOCALE # assume current 8-bit locale
    UNICODE = U = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_UNICODE # assume unicode "locale"
    MULTILINE = M = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_MULTILINE # make anchors look for newline
    DOTALL = S = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_DOTALL # make dot match newline
    VERBOSE = X = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE # ignore whitespace and comments
    # sre extensions (experimental, don't rely on these)
    TEMPLATE = T = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_TEMPLATE # disable backtracking
    DEBUG = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_DEBUG # dump pattern after compilation

    def __repr__(self):
        if self._name_ is not None:
            return f're.{self._name_}'
        value = self._value_
        members = []
        negative = value < 0
        if negative:
            value = ~value
        for m in self.__class__:
            if value & m._value_:
                value &= ~m._value_
                members.append(f're.{m._name_}')
        if value:
            members.append(hex(value))
        res = '|'.join(members)
        if negative:
            if len(members) > 1:
                res = f'~({res})'
            else:
                res = f'~{res}'
        return res
    __str__ = object.__str__
globals().update(RegexFlag.__members__)

# sre exception
error = sre_compile.error

# --------------------------------------------------------------------
# public interface

def match(pattern, string, flags=0):
    """Try to apply the pattern at the start of the string, returning
    a Match object, or None if no match was found."""
    return _compile(pattern, flags).match(string)

def fullmatch(pattern, string, flags=0):
    """Try to apply the pattern to all of the string, returning
    a Match object, or None if no match was found."""
    return _compile(pattern, flags).fullmatch(string)

def search(pattern, string, flags=0):
    """Scan through string looking for a match to the pattern, returning
    a Match object, or None if no match was found."""
    return _compile(pattern, flags).search(string)

def sub(pattern, repl, string, count=0, flags=0):
    """Return the string obtained by replacing the leftmost
    non-overlapping occurrences of the pattern in string by the
    replacement repl.  repl can be either a string or a callable;
    if a string, backslash escapes in it are processed.  If it is
    a callable, it's passed the Match object and must return
    a replacement string to be used."""
    return _compile(pattern, flags).sub(repl, string, count)

def subn(pattern, repl, string, count=0, flags=0):
    """Return a 2-tuple containing (new_string, number).
    new_string is the string obtained by replacing the leftmost
    non-overlapping occurrences of the pattern in the source
    string by the replacement repl.  number is the number of
    substitutions that were made. repl can be either a string or a
    callable; if a string, backslash escapes in it are processed.
    If it is a callable, it's passed the Match object and must
    return a replacement string to be used."""
    return _compile(pattern, flags).subn(repl, string, count)

def split(pattern, string, maxsplit=0, flags=0):
    """Split the source string by the occurrences of the pattern,
    returning a list containing the resulting substrings.  If
    capturing parentheses are used in pattern, then the text of all
    groups in the pattern are also returned as part of the resulting
    list.  If maxsplit is nonzero, at most maxsplit splits occur,
    and the remainder of the string is returned as the final element
    of the list."""
    return _compile(pattern, flags).split(string, maxsplit)

def findall(pattern, string, flags=0):
    """Return a list of all non-overlapping matches in the string.

    If one or more capturing groups are present in the pattern, return
    a list of groups; this will be a list of tuples if the pattern
    has more than one group.

    Empty matches are included in the result."""
    return _compile(pattern, flags).findall(string)

def finditer(pattern, string, flags=0):
    """Return an iterator over all non-overlapping matches in the
    string.  For each match, the iterator returns a Match object.

    Empty matches are included in the result."""
    return _compile(pattern, flags).finditer(string)

def compile(pattern, flags=0):
    "Compile a regular expression pattern, returning a Pattern object."
    return _compile(pattern, flags)

def purge():
    "Clear the regular expression caches"
    _cache.clear()
    _compile_repl.cache_clear()

def template(pattern, flags=0):
    "Compile a template pattern, returning a Pattern object"
    return _compile(pattern, flags|T)

# SPECIAL_CHARS
# closing ')', '}' and ']'
# '-' (a range in character set)
# '&', '~', (extended character set operations)
# '#' (comment) and WHITESPACE (ignored) in verbose mode
_special_chars_map = {i: '\\' + chr(i) for i in b'()[]{}?*+-|^$\\.&~# \t\n\r\v\f'}

def escape(pattern):
    """
    Escape special characters in a string.
    """
    if isinstance(pattern, str):
        return pattern.translate(_special_chars_map)
    else:
        pattern = str(pattern, 'latin1')
        return pattern.translate(_special_chars_map).encode('latin1')

Pattern = type(sre_compile.compile('', 0))
Match = type(sre_compile.compile('', 0).match(''))

# --------------------------------------------------------------------
# internals

_cache = {}  # ordered!

_MAXCACHE = 512
def _compile(pattern, flags):
    # internal: compile pattern
    if isinstance(flags, RegexFlag):
        flags = flags.value
    try:
        return _cache[type(pattern), pattern, flags]
    except KeyError:
        pass
    if isinstance(pattern, Pattern):
        if flags:
            raise ValueError(
                "cannot process flags argument with a compiled pattern")
        return pattern
    if not sre_compile.isstring(pattern):
        raise TypeError("first argument must be string or compiled pattern")
    p = sre_compile.compile(pattern, flags)
    if not (flags & DEBUG):
        if len(_cache) >= _MAXCACHE:
            # Drop the oldest item
            try:
                del _cache[next(iter(_cache))]
            except (StopIteration, RuntimeError, KeyError):
                pass
        _cache[type(pattern), pattern, flags] = p
    return p

@functools.lru_cache(_MAXCACHE)
def _compile_repl(repl, pattern):
    # internal: compile replacement pattern
    return sre_parse.parse_template(repl, pattern)

def _expand(pattern, match, template):
    # internal: Match.expand implementation hook
    template = sre_parse.parse_template(template, pattern)
    return sre_parse.expand_template(template, match)

def _subx(pattern, template):
    # internal: Pattern.sub/subn implementation helper
    template = _compile_repl(template, pattern)
    if not template[0] and len(template[1]) == 1:
        # literal replacement
        return template[1][0]
    def filter(match, template=template):
        return sre_parse.expand_template(template, match)
    return filter

# register myself for pickling

import copyreg

def _pickle(p):
    return _compile, (p.pattern, p.flags)

copyreg.pickle(Pattern, _pickle, _compile)

# --------------------------------------------------------------------
# experimental stuff (see python-dev discussions for details)

class Scanner:
    def __init__(self, lexicon, flags=0):
        from sre_constants import BRANCH, SUBPATTERN
        if isinstance(flags, RegexFlag):
            flags = flags.value
        self.lexicon = lexicon
        # combine phrases into a compound pattern
        p = []
        s = sre_parse.State()
        s.flags = flags
        for phrase, action in lexicon:
            gid = s.opengroup()
            p.append(sre_parse.SubPattern(s, [
                (SUBPATTERN, (gid, 0, 0, sre_parse.parse(phrase, flags))),
                ]))
            s.closegroup(gid, p[-1])
        p = sre_parse.SubPattern(s, [(BRANCH, (None, p))])
        self.scanner = sre_compile.compile(p)
    def scan(self, string):
        result = []
        append = result.append
        match = self.scanner.scanner(string).match
        i = 0
        while True:
            m = match()
            if not m:
                break
            j = m.end()
            if i == j:
                break
            action = self.lexicon[m.lastindex-1][1]
            if callable(action):
                self.match = m
                action = action(self, m.group())
            if action is not None:
                append(action)
            i = j
        return result, string[i:]