《python编程：从入门到实践》极简笔记：字典

一个简单的字典

alien={'color':'green','points':5}
print(alien['color'])
print(alien['points'])

green
5

使用字典

字典是一系列键-值对。每个键都与一个值相关联。与键相关联的值可以是任何对象，数字、字符串、列表乃至字典。

添加键-值对

要添加键-值对，可依次指定字典名、用方括号括起来的键和相关联的值

alien={'color':'green','points':5}
print(alien)
alien['x_position']=0
alien['y_position']=25
print(alien)

{'color': 'green', 'points': 5}
{'color': 'green', 'points': 5, 'x_position': 0, 'y_position': 25}

键-值对的排列顺序与添加顺序不同

先创建一个空字典

先创建一个空字典，再添加键-值对

alien={}
alien['color']='green'
alien['points']=5
print(alien)

{'color': 'green', 'points': 5}

修改字典中的值

alien={'color':'green','points':5}
print(alien)
alien['color']='yellow'
print(alien)

{'color': 'green', 'points': 5}
{'color': 'yellow', 'points': 5}

删除键-值对

可用del语句删除。使用del时，必须指定字典名和要删除的键

alien={'color':'green','points':5}
print(alien)
del alien['color']
print(alien)

{'color': 'green', 'points': 5}
{'points': 5}

由类似对象组成的字典

调查不同的人喜欢的编程语言

lang={
    'jen':'python',
    'sarah':'c',
    'edward':'ruby',
    'phil':'python',
    }
print("sarah's favorite language is "+lang['sarah'].title()+'.')

sarah's favorite language is C.

注意格式，很有用。

遍历字典

遍历所有的键-值对

用方法items()返回一个键-值对列表，再用for循环

lang={
    'jen':'python',
    'sarah':'c',
    'edward':'ruby',
    'phil':'python',
    }
for name,language in lang.items():
    print("\nname: "+name)
    print("language: "+language)

name: jen
language: python

name: sarah
language: c

name: edward
language: ruby

name: phil
language: python

返回顺序可能与存储顺序不一样

遍历字典中的所有键

方法keys()返回所有的键

lang={
    'jen':'python',
    'sarah':'c',
    'edward':'ruby',
    'phil':'python',
    }
for name in lang.keys():
    print(name.title())

Jen
Sarah
Edward
Phil

遍历字典时默认遍历所有的键，所以keys()省略也可以
使用keys()确定某人是否接受了调查

lang={
    'jen':'python',
    'sarah':'c',
    'edward':'ruby',
    'phil':'python',
    }
if 'erin' not in lang.keys():
    print("erin,please take our poll!")

erin,please take our poll!

按顺序遍历字典中的所有键

用函数sorted()来获得按特定顺序排列的键列表的副本

lang={
    'jen':'python',
    'sarah':'c',
    'edward':'ruby',
    'phil':'python',
    }
for name in sorted(lang.keys()):
    print(name.title()+" thank you!")

Edward thank you!
Jen thank you!
Phil thank you!
Sarah thank you!

遍历字典所有值

方法values（）返回值列表

lang={
    'jen':'python',
    'sarah':'c',
    'edward':'ruby',
    'phil':'python',
    }
print("the following language have been mentioned:")
for name in lang.values():
    print(name.title())

Python
C
Ruby
Python

set()函数可删除多余元素

lang={
    'jen':'python',
    'sarah':'c',
    'edward':'ruby',
    'phil':'python',
    }
print("the following language have been mentioned:")
for name in set(lang.values()):
    print(name.title())

the following language have been mentioned:
Ruby
C
Python

嵌套

列表、字典相互套娃

字典列表

有三个外星人的字典信息，整合到一个列表中

alien_0={'color':'green','points':5}
alien_1={'color':'yellow','points':10}
alien_2={'color':'red','points':15}
aliens=[alien_0,alien_1,alien_2]
for alien in aliens:
    print(alien)

{'color': 'green', 'points': 5}
{'color': 'yellow', 'points': 10}
{'color': 'red', 'points': 15}

创建30个绿色外星人，显示前5个

aliens=[]
new_alien={'color':'green','points':'5','speed':'slow'}
for alien in range(30):
    aliens.append(new_alien)
for a in aliens[:5]:
    print(a)

{'color': 'green', 'points': '5', 'speed': 'slow'}
{'color': 'green', 'points': '5', 'speed': 'slow'}
{'color': 'green', 'points': '5', 'speed': 'slow'}
{'color': 'green', 'points': '5', 'speed': 'slow'}
{'color': 'green', 'points': '5', 'speed': 'slow'}

在字典中存储列表

pizza的一个属性可能有多个元素

pizza={
    'crust':'thick',
    'toppings':['mushrooms','extra cheese'],
    }
print("you order a "+pizza['crust']+" with:")
for top in pizza['toppings']:
    print("\t"+top)

you order a thick with:
        mushrooms
        extra cheese

“\t”表示缩进
每当需要在字典中将一个键关联到多个值时，都可以在字典中嵌套一个列表

lang={
    'jen':['python','ruby'],
    'sarah':['c'],
    'edward':['ruby','go'],
    'phil':['python','haskell'],
    }
for name,languages in lang.items():
    print("\n"+name.title()+"'s favirate languages are:")
    for language in languages:
        print("\t"+language.title())

Jen's favirate languages are:
        Python
        Ruby

Sarah's favirate languages are:
        C

Edward's favirate languages are:
        Ruby
        Go

Phil's favirate languages are:
        Python
        Haskell

在字典中存储字典

输出多个用户的多种属性

users={
    'jack':{
        'first':'albert',
        'last':'jack',
        'location':'princeton',
        },
    'bob':{
        'first':'marie',    
        'last':'bob',
        'location':'paris',
        },
    }
for username,userinfo in users.items():
    print("\nusersname: "+username)
    fullname=userinfo['first']+' '+userinfo['last']
    print("\tfullname: "+fullname.title())
    print("\tlocation: "+userinfo['location'].title())

usersname: jack
        fullname: Albert Jack
        location: Princeton

usersname: bob
        fullname: Marie Bob
        location: Paris