模拟String类

string类是表示字符串的字符串类，它是basic_string模板类的一个实例，也可以说它的底层是basic_string模板类的一个别名，typedef basic_string<char, char_traits, allocator> string.char_traits是base_string的一个模板参数，它主要负责关于字符的属性和方法，string类的字符类型是char类型。接下来，我们就模拟实现一下string类的的常见接口的功能。

//#pragma once

#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
#include <assert.h>

namespace liu {
  class String {
    public:
      typedef char* Iterator;
      Iterator begin() {
        return _str;
      }

      Iterator end() {
        return _str + _size;
      }

      String(const char* str = ""){
        if (str == nullptr) {
          assert(false);
          return;
        }

        _size = strlen(str);
        _capacity = _size;
        _str = new char[_capacity + 1];
        strcpy(_str, str);
      }

      String(String& s) :
        _str(nullptr),
        _size(0),
        _capacity(0) {
          String tmp(s._str);
          this->Swap(tmp);
        }

      void Swap(String& s) { //交换对象
        std::swap(_str, s._str);
        std::swap(_size, s._size);
        std::swap(_capacity, s._capacity);
      }

      String& operator=(const String& s) {
        if (*this != s) {
          char* pStr = new char[s._capacity + 1];
          strcpy(pStr, s._str);

          delete[] _str;
          _str = pStr;
          _size = s._size;
          _capacity = s._capacity;
        }
        //this->Swap(s);
        return *this;
      }

      ~String() {
        if (_str) {
          delete[] _str;
          _size = 0;
          _capacity = 0;
        }
      }

      char* C_str() {//用C语言格式输出字符串
        return _str;
      }

      bool operator<(const String& s) {
        return strcmp(_str, s._str) < 0;
      }

      bool operator>(const String& s) {
        return strcmp(_str, s._str) > 0;
      }

      bool operator<=(const String& s) {
        return ((*this < s) || (*this == s));
      }

      bool operator>=(const String& s) {
        return !(*this < s);
      }

      bool operator==(const String& s) {
        return strcmp(_str, s._str) == 0;
      }

      bool operator!=(const String& s) {
        return !(*this == s);
      }

      void Resize(size_t newSize, char ch = char()) {
        if (_size < newSize) {
          if (_capacity < newSize) {
            Reserve(newSize);
          }
          memset(_str + _size, ch, newSize - _size);
        }

        _size = newSize;
        _str[_size] = '\0';
        return;
      }

      void Reserve(size_t newCapacity) {
        //判断容量并实现扩容
        if (_capacity < newCapacity) {
          //std::cout << "reserver" << std::endl;
          char* str = new char[newCapacity + 1];
          strcpy(str, _str);
          delete[] _str;
          _str = str;
          _capacity = newCapacity;
        }
        return;
      }

      void Clear() {
        _size = 0;
        _str[_size] = '\0';
      }

      size_t Size() const {
        return _size;
      }

      size_t Capacity() const {
        return _capacity;
      }

      bool Empty() const {
        return _size == 0;
      }

      /*截取从pos起始的n个字符*/
      String Substr(size_t pos, size_t n) {
        char* pStr = new char[n + 1];
        size_t i = 0, j = pos;
        while (i < n) {
          if (j < _size) {
            pStr[i++] = _str[j++];
          } else {
            break;
          }
        }
        pStr[i] = '\0';

        String ret(pStr);
        return ret;
      }

      /*追加一个字符*/
      void PushBack(char ch) {
        Reserve(_size * 2);
        _str[_size++] = ch;
        _str[_size] = '\0';
      }

      /*追加一个字符串*/
      void Append(const char* str) {
        //Reserve(_size + strlen(str) + 1);
        //strcpy(_str + _size, str);
        // _size += strlen(str);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < strlen(str); ++i) {
          PushBack(str[i]);
        }
      }

      String& operator+=(char ch) {
        PushBack(ch);
        return *this;
      }

      String& operator+=(const char* str) {
        Append(str);
        return *this;
      }

      String& operator+=(const String& str) {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < str.Size(); ++i) {
          PushBack(str[i]);
        }
        return *this;
      }

      /*插入一个字符*/
      /*void Insert(size_t pos, char ch) {
        assert(pos <= _size);
        Reserve(_size + 1);
        size_t end = _size;
        while (end >= pos) {
          _str[end + 1] = _str[end];
          end--;
        }
        _str[pos] = ch;
        _size++;
      }*/
      String& Insert(size_t pos, char ch) {
        String pCh;
        pCh = Substr(pos, _size - pos);
        _size = pos;
        *this += ch;
        *this += pCh;

        return *this;
      }

      /*插入一个字符串*/
      /*void Insert(size_t pos, const char* str) {
        assert(pos <= _size);
        Reserve(_size + strlen(str) + 1);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < strlen(str); ++i) {
        Insert(pos++, str[i]);
        }
        }*/
      String& Insert(size_t pos, const char* str) {
        String pStr;
        pStr = Substr(pos, _size - pos);
        _size = pos;
        *this += str;
        *this += pStr;

        return *this;
      }

      /*删除一串字符串*/
      void Erase(size_t pos, size_t len) {
        assert(pos <= _size);
        size_t start = pos + len;
        size_t end = _size;
        while (start <= end) {
          _str[pos++] = _str[start++];
        }
        _size -= len;
      }

      char& operator[](size_t index) {
        assert(index < _size);
        return _str[index];
      }

      const char& operator[](size_t index) const {
        assert(index < _size);
        return _str[index];
      }

      /*从pos起始， 查找一个字符*/
      size_t Find(char ch, size_t pos = 0) {
        size_t i = 0;
        while (_str[i]) {
          if (ch == _str[i]) {
            return i;
          }
          ++i;
        }
        return -1;
      }

      /*pos起始， 查找一个字符串*/
      size_t Find(const char* str, size_t pos = 0) {
        size_t sz = strlen(str);
        if (sz > _size - pos)
          return String::npos;

        for (size_t i = 0; i < _size; ++i) {
          size_t j = 0;
          if (_str[i] == str[j]) {
            for (j = 1; j < sz; ++j) {
              if (str[j] != _str[i + j])
                break;
            }
            if (j >= sz)
              return i;
          }
        }
        return String::npos;
      }

      char* Getstr(const String& s) const{
        return s._str;
      }

    private:
      friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& _cout, const String s);
    private:
      char* _str;
      size_t _size;
      size_t _capacity;
      static size_t npos;
  };

  std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& _cout, const String& s) {
    std::cout << s.String::Getstr(s); 
    return _cout;
  }

  size_t String::npos = -1;
}