代理模式
为其他对象提供一个代理以控制对某个对象的访问。代理类主要负责为委托了(真实对象)预处理消息、过滤消息、传递消息给委托类,代理类不现实具体服务,而是利用委托类来完成服务,并将执行结果封装处理。
其实就是代理类为被代理类预处理消息、过滤消息并在此之后将消息转发给被代理类,之后还能进行消息的后置处理。代理类和被代理类通常会存在关联关系(即上面提到的持有的被带离对象的引用),代理类本身不实现服务,而是通过调用被代理类中的方法来提供服务。
静态代理
创建一个接口,然后创建被代理的类实现该接口并且实现该接口中的抽象方法。之后再创建一个代理类,同时使其也实现这个接口。在代理类中持有一个被代理对象的引用,而后在代理类方法中调用该对象的方法。
接口:
public interface HelloInterface {
void sayHello();
}
被代理类:
public class Hello implements HelloInterface{
@Override
public void sayHello() {
System.out.println("Hello zhanghao!");
}
}
代理类:
public class HelloProxy implements HelloInterface{
private HelloInterface helloInterface = new Hello();
@Override
public void sayHello() {
System.out.println("Before invoke sayHello" );
helloInterface.sayHello();
System.out.println("After invoke sayHello");
}
}
代理类调用:
被代理类被传递给了代理类HelloProxy,代理类在执行具体方法时通过所持用的被代理类完成调用。
public static void main(String[] args) {
HelloProxy helloProxy = new HelloProxy();
helloProxy.sayHello();
}
输出:
Before invoke sayHello
Hello zhanghao!
After invoke sayHello
使用静态代理很容易就完成了对一个类的代理操作。但是静态代理的缺点也暴露了出来:由于代理只能为一个类服务,如果需要代理的类很多,那么就需要编写大量的代理类,比较繁琐。
动态代理
利用反射机制在运行时创建代理类。
接口、被代理类不变,我们构建一个handler类来实现InvocationHandler接口。
public class ProxyHandler implements InvocationHandler{
private Object object;
public ProxyHandler(Object object){
this.object = object;
}
@Override
public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) throws Throwable {
System.out.println("Before invoke " + method.getName());
method.invoke(object, args);
System.out.println("After invoke " + method.getName());
return null;
}
}
执行动态代理:
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.getProperties().setProperty("sun.misc.ProxyGenerator.saveGeneratedFiles", "true");
HelloInterface hello = new Hello();
InvocationHandler handler = new ProxyHandler(hello);
HelloInterface proxyHello = (HelloInterface) Proxy.newProxyInstance(hello.getClass().getClassLoader(), hello.getClass().getInterfaces(), handler);
proxyHello.sayHello();
}
输出:
Before invoke sayHello
Hello zhanghao!
After invoke sayHello
通过Proxy类的静态方法newProxyInstance返回一个接口的代理实例。针对不同的代理类,传入相应的代理程序控制器InvocationHandler。
如果新来一个被代理类Bye,如:
public interface ByeInterface {
void sayBye();
}
public class Bye implements ByeInterface {
@Override
public void sayBye() {
System.out.println("Bye zhanghao!");
}
}
那么执行过程:
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.getProperties().setProperty("sun.misc.ProxyGenerator.saveGeneratedFiles", "true");
HelloInterface hello = new Hello();
ByeInterface bye = new Bye();
InvocationHandler handler = new ProxyHandler(hello);
InvocationHandler handler1 = new ProxyHandler(bye);
HelloInterface proxyHello = (HelloInterface) Proxy.newProxyInstance(hello.getClass().getClassLoader(), hello.getClass().getInterfaces(), handler);
ByeInterface proxyBye = (ByeInterface) Proxy.newProxyInstance(bye.getClass().getClassLoader(), bye.getClass().getInterfaces(), handler1);
proxyHello.sayHello();
proxyBye.sayBye();
}
输出:
Before invoke sayHello
Hello zhanghao!
After invoke sayHello
Before invoke sayBye
Bye zhanghao!
After invoke sayBye
动态代理底层实现
动态代理具体步骤:
- 通过实现 InvocationHandler 接口创建自己的调用处理器;
- 通过为 Proxy 类指定 ClassLoader 对象和一组
- interface 来创建动态代理类; 通过反射机制获得动态代理类的构造函数,其唯一参数类型是调用处理器接口类型;
- 通过构造函数创建动态代理类实例,构造时调用处理器对象作为参数被传入。
既然生成代理对象是用的Proxy类的静态方newProxyInstance,那么我们就去它的源码里看一下它到底都做了些什么?
public static Object newProxyInstance(ClassLoader loader,
Class<?>[] interfaces,
InvocationHandler h)
throws IllegalArgumentException
{
Objects.requireNonNull(h);
final Class<?>[] intfs = interfaces.clone();
final SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
if (sm != null) {
checkProxyAccess(Reflection.getCallerClass(), loader, intfs);
}
//生成代理类对象
Class<?> cl = getProxyClass0(loader, intfs);
//使用指定的调用处理程序获取代理类的构造函数对象
try {
if (sm != null) {
checkNewProxyPermission(Reflection.getCallerClass(), cl);
}
final Constructor<?> cons = cl.getConstructor(constructorParams);
final InvocationHandler ih = h;
//如果Class作用域为私有,通过 setAccessible 支持访问
if (!Modifier.isPublic(cl.getModifiers())) {
AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
public Void run() {
cons.setAccessible(true);
return null;
}
});
}
//获取Proxy Class构造函数,创建Proxy代理实例。
return cons.newInstance(new Object[]{h});
} catch (IllegalAccessException|InstantiationException e) {
throw new InternalError(e.toString(), e);
} catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
Throwable t = e.getCause();
if (t instanceof RuntimeException) {
throw (RuntimeException) t;
} else {
throw new InternalError(t.toString(), t);
}
} catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
throw new InternalError(e.toString(), e);
}
}
利用getProxyClass0(loader, intfs)生成代理类Proxy的Class对象。
private static Class<?> getProxyClass0(ClassLoader loader, Class<?>... interfaces) {
//如果接口数量大于65535,抛出非法参数错误
if (interfaces.length > 65535) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("interface limit exceeded");
}
//如果指定接口的代理类已经存在与缓存中,则不用新创建,直接从缓存中取即可;
//如果缓存中没有指定代理对象,则通过ProxyClassFactory来创建一个代理对象。
return proxyClassCache.get(loader, interfaces);
}
ProxyClassFactory内部类创建、定义代理类,返回给定ClassLoader 和interfaces的代理类。
private static final class ProxyClassFactory
implements BiFunction<ClassLoader, Class<?>[], Class<?>>{
// 代理类的名字的前缀统一为“$Proxy”
private static final String proxyClassNamePrefix = "$Proxy";
// 每个代理类前缀后面都会跟着一个唯一的编号,如$Proxy0、$Proxy1、$Proxy2
private static final AtomicLong nextUniqueNumber = new AtomicLong();
@Override
public Class<?> apply(ClassLoader loader, Class<?>[] interfaces) {
Map<Class<?>, Boolean> interfaceSet = new IdentityHashMap<>(interfaces.length);
for (Class<?> intf : interfaces) {
//验证类加载器加载接口得到对象是否与由apply函数参数传入的对象相同
Class<?> interfaceClass = null;
try {
interfaceClass = Class.forName(intf.getName(), false, loader);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
}
if (interfaceClass != intf) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
intf + " is not visible from class loader");
}
//验证这个Class对象是不是接口
if (!interfaceClass.isInterface()) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
interfaceClass.getName() + " is not an interface");
}
if (interfaceSet.put(interfaceClass, Boolean.TRUE) != null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"repeated interface: " + interfaceClass.getName());
}
}
String proxyPkg = null; // package to define proxy class in
int accessFlags = Modifier.PUBLIC | Modifier.FINAL;
/*
* Record the package of a non-public proxy interface so that the
* proxy class will be defined in the same package. Verify that
* all non-public proxy interfaces are in the same package.
*/
for (Class<?> intf : interfaces) {
int flags = intf.getModifiers();
if (!Modifier.isPublic(flags)) {
accessFlags = Modifier.FINAL;
String name = intf.getName();
int n = name.lastIndexOf('.');
String pkg = ((n == -1) ? "" : name.substring(0, n + 1));
if (proxyPkg == null) {
proxyPkg = pkg;
} else if (!pkg.equals(proxyPkg)) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"non-public interfaces from different packages");
}
}
}
if (proxyPkg == null) {
// if no non-public proxy interfaces, use com.sun.proxy package
proxyPkg = ReflectUtil.PROXY_PACKAGE + ".";
}
/*
* Choose a name for the proxy class to generate.
*/
long num = nextUniqueNumber.getAndIncrement();
String proxyName = proxyPkg + proxyClassNamePrefix + num;
/*
*
* 生成指定代理类的字节码文件
*/
byte[] proxyClassFile = ProxyGenerator.generateProxyClass(
proxyName, interfaces, accessFlags);
try {
return defineClass0(loader, proxyName,
proxyClassFile, 0, proxyClassFile.length);
} catch (ClassFormatError e) {
/*
* A ClassFormatError here means that (barring bugs in the
* proxy class generation code) there was some other
* invalid aspect of the arguments supplied to the proxy
* class creation (such as virtual machine limitations
* exceeded).
*/
throw new IllegalArgumentException(e.toString());
}
}
}
一系列检查后,调用ProxyGenerator.generateProxyClass来生成字节码文件。
public static byte[] generateProxyClass(final String var0, Class<?>[] var1, int var2) {
ProxyGenerator var3 = new ProxyGenerator(var0, var1, var2);
// 真正用来生成代理类字节码文件的方法在这里
final byte[] var4 = var3.generateClassFile();
// 保存代理类的字节码文件
if(saveGeneratedFiles) {
AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
public Void run() {
try {
int var1 = var0.lastIndexOf(46);
Path var2;
if(var1 > 0) {
Path var3 = Paths.get(var0.substring(0, var1).replace('.', File.separatorChar), new String[0]);
Files.createDirectories(var3, new FileAttribute[0]);
var2 = var3.resolve(var0.substring(var1 + 1, var0.length()) + ".class");
} else {
var2 = Paths.get(var0 + ".class", new String[0]);
}
Files.write(var2, var4, new OpenOption[0]);
return null;
} catch (IOException var4x) {
throw new InternalError("I/O exception saving generated file: " + var4x);
}
}
});
}
return var4;
}
生成代理类字节码文件的generateClassFile方法:
private byte[] generateClassFile() {
//下面一系列的addProxyMethod方法是将接口中的方法和Object中的方法添加到代理方法中(proxyMethod)
this.addProxyMethod(hashCodeMethod, Object.class);
this.addProxyMethod(equalsMethod, Object.class);
this.addProxyMethod(toStringMethod, Object.class);
Class[] var1 = this.interfaces;
int var2 = var1.length;
int var3;
Class var4;
//获得接口中所有方法并添加到代理方法中
for(var3 = 0; var3 < var2; ++var3) {
var4 = var1[var3];
Method[] var5 = var4.getMethods();
int var6 = var5.length;
for(int var7 = 0; var7 < var6; ++var7) {
Method var8 = var5[var7];
this.addProxyMethod(var8, var4);
}
}
Iterator var11 = this.proxyMethods.values().iterator();
List var12;
while(var11.hasNext()) {
var12 = (List)var11.next();
checkReturnTypes(var12);
}
Iterator var15;
try {
//生成代理类的构造函数
this.methods.add(this.generateConstructor());
var11 = this.proxyMethods.values().iterator();
while(var11.hasNext()) {
var12 = (List)var11.next();
var15 = var12.iterator();
while(var15.hasNext()) {
ProxyGenerator.ProxyMethod var16 = (ProxyGenerator.ProxyMethod)var15.next();
this.fields.add(new ProxyGenerator.FieldInfo(var16.methodFieldName, "Ljava/lang/reflect/Method;", 10));
this.methods.add(var16.generateMethod());
}
}
this.methods.add(this.generateStaticInitializer());
} catch (IOException var10) {
throw new InternalError("unexpected I/O Exception", var10);
}
if(this.methods.size() > '\uffff') {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("method limit exceeded");
} else if(this.fields.size() > '\uffff') {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("field limit exceeded");
} else {
this.cp.getClass(dotToSlash(this.className));
this.cp.getClass("java/lang/reflect/Proxy");
var1 = this.interfaces;
var2 = var1.length;
for(var3 = 0; var3 < var2; ++var3) {
var4 = var1[var3];
this.cp.getClass(dotToSlash(var4.getName()));
}
this.cp.setReadOnly();
ByteArrayOutputStream var13 = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
DataOutputStream var14 = new DataOutputStream(var13);
try {
var14.writeInt(-889275714);
var14.writeShort(0);
var14.writeShort(49);
this.cp.write(var14);
var14.writeShort(this.accessFlags);
var14.writeShort(this.cp.getClass(dotToSlash(this.className)));
var14.writeShort(this.cp.getClass("java/lang/reflect/Proxy"));
var14.writeShort(this.interfaces.length);
Class[] var17 = this.interfaces;
int var18 = var17.length;
for(int var19 = 0; var19 < var18; ++var19) {
Class var22 = var17[var19];
var14.writeShort(this.cp.getClass(dotToSlash(var22.getName())));
}
var14.writeShort(this.fields.size());
var15 = this.fields.iterator();
while(var15.hasNext()) {
ProxyGenerator.FieldInfo var20 = (ProxyGenerator.FieldInfo)var15.next();
var20.write(var14);
}
var14.writeShort(this.methods.size());
var15 = this.methods.iterator();
while(var15.hasNext()) {
ProxyGenerator.MethodInfo var21 = (ProxyGenerator.MethodInfo)var15.next();
var21.write(var14);
}
var14.writeShort(0);
return var13.toByteArray();
} catch (IOException var9) {
throw new InternalError("unexpected I/O Exception", var9);
}
}
}
字节码生成后,调用defineClass0来解析字节码,生成了Proxy的Class对象。在了解完代理类动态生成过程后,生产的代理类是怎样的,谁来执行这个代理类。
其中,在ProxyGenerator.generateProxyClass函数中 saveGeneratedFiles定义如下,其指代是否保存生成的代理类class文件,默认false不保存。
在前面的示例中,我们修改了此系统变量:
System.getProperties().setProperty("sun.misc.ProxyGenerator.saveGeneratedFiles", "true");
如图,生成了两个名为 Proxy1.class的class文件。
动态代理流程图: