nginx实现请求的负载均衡 + keepalived实现nginx的高可用

`简介`
Keepalived是Linux下一个轻量级别的高可用解决方案。Keepalived的作用是检测服务器的状态，如果有一台web服务器宕机，或工作出现故障，Keepalived将检测到，并将有故障的服务器从系统中剔除，同时使用其他服务器代替该服务器的工作，当服务器工作正常后Keepalived自动将服务器加入到服务器群中，这些工作全部自动完成，不需要人工干涉，需要人工做的只是修复故障的服务器。
`重要功能`
管理LVS负载均衡软件
实现LVS集群节点的健康检查中
作为系统网络服务的高可用性
`高可用故障切换原理`
Keepalived高可用服务对之间的故障切换转移，是通过 VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol ,虚拟路由器冗余协议）来实现的。
在 Keepalived服务正常工作时，主 Master节点会不断地向备节点发送（多播的方式）心跳消息，用以告诉备Backup节点自己还活看，当主 Master节点发生故障时，就无法发送心跳消息，备节点也就因此无法继续检测到来自主 Master节点的心跳了，于是调用自身的接管程序，接管主Master节点的 IP资源及服务。而当主 Master节点恢复时，备Backup节点又会释放主节点故障时自身接管的IP资源及服务，恢复到原来的备用角色。

1、环境准备

172.18.62.38      nginx+keeplived   master
172.18.62.39      nginx+keeplived   backup
172.18.62.40      apache
172.18.62.41      apache
172.18.62.42      vip

2、启动容器

[root@iZuf612i9bshiuw3zzlfe9Z keeplived]# docker ps 
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE                       COMMAND                  CREATED              STATUS              PORTS                    NAMES
a2405e53d1d2        kad                         "/usr/sbin/init"         About a minute ago   Up About a minute                            keepalived_apache1_1
7967b49e3930        kad                         "/usr/sbin/init"         About a minute ago   Up About a minute   0.0.0.0:100->80/tcp      keepalived_vip_1
ade36b938d94        kad                         "/usr/sbin/init"         About a minute ago   Up About a minute                            keepalived_apache2_1
1d3af026ed63        kad                         "/usr/sbin/init"         About a minute ago   Up About a minute   0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp       keepalived_nginx-master_1
7a739f103336        kad                         "/usr/sbin/init"         About a minute ago   Up About a minute   0.0.0.0:90->80/tcp       keepalived_nginx-slave_1

3、安装服务apache

#更新软件包
apt update
apt upgrade -y
#安装apache
apt install apache2 -y
#方便测试，修改首页
vim /var/www/html/index.html
#启动apache服务
/etc/init.d/apache2 start

访问如下：
root@apache1:/var/www/html# curl http://172.18.62.40
<h1>Apache1 172.18.62.40</h1>
root@apache2:/var/www/html# curl http://172.18.62.41
<h1>Apache2 172.18.62.41</h1>

4、安装nginx

#下载安装包
wget -P /usr/local/ http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.2.8.tar.gz
#安装依赖
apt-get install libpcre3 libpcre3-dev zlib1g-dev -y
#解压
tar xvf nginx-1.2.8.tar.gz
安装
./configure
make CFLAGS='-Wno-implicit-fallthrough'
make install

5、安装keepalived

#更新安装包
apt update
apt upgrade -y
#安装服务
apt install keepalived -y

6、配置nginx

vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
#负载均衡配置
upstream web{
        server 172.18.62.40:80 weight=1;
        server 172.18.62.41:80 weight=1;
}
#server配置
server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        location / {
            proxy_pass http://web;
        }
}
#启动nginx
/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx

7、配置keepalived

vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
#master
global_defs {
  router_id 172.18.62.38
}

vrrp_script check_nginx {
    script "/etc/keepalived/check_nginx.sh"
    interval 2
    weight 2
}

vrrp_instance vrrptest {
       state master
       interface eth0
       virtual_router_id 51
       priority 150
       advert_int 1
       authentication {
           auth_type PASS
           auth_pass ufsoft
       }
       track_script {
           check_nginx
       }
       virtual_ipaddress {
           172.18.62.43
       }
}
#backup
global_defs {
  router_id 172.18.62.39
}

vrrp_script check_nginx {
    script "/etc/keepalived/check_nginx.sh"
    interval 2
    weight 2
}

vrrp_instance vrrptest {
       state master
       interface eth0
       virtual_router_id 51
       priority 150
       advert_int 1
       authentication {
           auth_type PASS
           auth_pass ufsoft
       }
       track_script {
           check_nginx
       }
       virtual_ipaddress {
           172.18.62.43
       }
}
#启动keepalived
/etc/init.d/keeplived start

8、检查nginx脚本

if [ "$(ps -ef | grep "nginx:master process"| grep -v grep )" == "" ];then
  /etc/init.d/keepalived stop
else
  echo "nginx is running"
fi

9、测试

#master
http://Ip:80

#backup
http://IP:90

#VIP
http://IP:100

10、故障测试

#停掉master
root@nginx-master:/etc/keepalived# /etc/init.d/keepalived stop
Stopping keepalived (via systemctl): keepalived.service.

http://IP:100依旧正常访问