MySQL基础-07子查询介绍
含义:出现在其他语句中的select 语句,称为子查询或内查询。
内部嵌套其他Select语句的查询,称为外查询或主查询。
分类:
- 按在查询出现的位置:
- select后面 (仅支持标量子查询)
- from后面
- 支持表子查询
- where 或having后面
- 标量子查询
- 列子查询
- 行子查询
- exists 后面
- 表子查询
- 按结果集的行列数不同:
- 标量子查询(结果集只有一行一列)
- 列子查询(结果集只有一列多行)
- 行子查询(结果集只有一行多列)
- 表子查询(结果集一般为多行多列)
特点:
- 子查询放在小括号内
- 子查询一般放在条件的右侧
- 标量子查询一般搭配着单行的操作符使用(> < >= <= = <>)
- 列子子查询,一般搭配着多行操作符使用(in any/some all)
- 子查询的执行优先于主查询执行
1 where 或having后面
1.1 标量子查询
- 谁的工资比Abel 高
(1)首先查询Abel的工资
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name='Abel';
(2)查询员工信息,满足salary>(!)结果集
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name='Abel'
);
- 返回job_id 与 141 号员工相同,salary 比143 号员工多的员工 姓名,job_id 和 工资
(1)查询141号员工的job_id
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE `employee_id`=141;
(2)查询143号员工的salaty
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE `employee_id`=143;
(3)查询员工 姓名,job_id 和 工资,要求jib_id=(1),salary>(2)
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id=(
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE `employee_id`=141
)
AND salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE `employee_id`=143
);
- 返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id,salary
(1)查询公司的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees ;
(2)查询last_name,job_id,salary,要求salary=(1)
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
);
- 查询最低工资大于50号部门的最低工资的部门id和其他最低工资
(1)查询50号部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id=50;
(2)查询每个部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;
(3)在(2)基础上筛选,满足 min(salary>(1))
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id=50
);
1.2 列子查询(多行子查询)
a>any(10,20,30) <=> a>min(10.20.30)
a>all(10,20,30) <=> a>max(10.20.30)
- 返回localion_id 是1400 或 1700 的部门中的所有员工姓名
(1)查询 localion_id 是1400 或1700 的部编号
SELECT distinct `department_id`
FROM `departments`
WHERE `location_id` IN (1400,1700);
(2) 查询员工姓名、要求部门号是(1)列表中的某一个
SELECT last_name
FROM `employees`
WHERE `department_id` IN(
SELECT DISTINCT `department_id`
FROM `departments`
WHERE `location_id` IN (1400,1700)
);
- 返回其他工种比job_id 为’IT_PROG’ 部门任一工资低的员工的工号、姓名、job_id 以及 salary
(1)查询job_id 为’IT_PROG’ 部门任一工资
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM `employees`
WHERE job_id='IT_PROG';
(2)查询员工的工号、姓名、job_id 以及 salary ,salary <any(1)
SELECT last_name,`employee_id`,`job_id`,`salary`
FROM `employees`
WHERE salary <ANY(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM `employees`
WHERE job_id='IT_PROG'
) AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG';
等价于
SELECT last_name,`employee_id`,`job_id`,`salary`
FROM `employees`
WHERE salary <(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM `employees`
WHERE job_id='IT_PROG'
) AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG';
- 返回其他工种比job_id 为’IT_PROG’ 部门所有工资低的员工的工号、姓名、job_id 以及 salary
SELECT last_name,`employee_id`,`job_id`,`salary`
FROM `employees`
WHERE salary <ALL(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM `employees`
WHERE job_id='IT_PROG'
) AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG';
等价于
SELECT last_name,`employee_id`,`job_id`,`salary`
FROM `employees`
WHERE salary <(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM `employees`
WHERE job_id='IT_PROG'
) AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG';
1.3 行子查询(一行多列或对行多列)
- 查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息
(1)查询员工编号最小
SELECT MIN(`employee_id`)
FROM `employees`;
(2)查询工资最高
SELECT max(`salary`)
FROM `employees`;
(3)查询员工信息并满足(1)(2)
SELECT *
FROM `employees`
WHERE `employee_id`=(
SELECT MIN(`employee_id`)
FROM `employees`
) AND salary=(
SELECT MAX(`salary`)
FROM `employees`
)
等价于
##行子查询
SELECT *
FROM `employees`
WHERE (employee_id,salary)=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id),MAX(salary)
FROM `employees`
);
2 select 后面
- 查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT d.*,(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM `employees` e WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`)
FROM `departments` d ;
2.查询员工号=102的部门名
SELECT(
SELECT `department_name`
FROM `departments` d
INNER JOIN `employees` e
ON d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
WHERE e.`employee_id`=102
) 部门名;
3 from 后面
- 查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级
(1) 查询每个部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),`department_id`
FROM `employees`
GROUP BY `department_id`;
(2) 查询工资等级
SELECT ag_dep.*,g.`grade_level`
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,`department_id`
FROM `employees`
GROUP BY `department_id`
) ag_dep
INNER JOIN `job_grades` g
ON ag_dep.ag BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`;
4 exists 后面(相关子查询)
SELECT EXISTS(SELECT `employee_id` FROM `employees`);
SELECT EXISTS(SELECT `employee_id` FROM `employees` WHERE salary=30000);
语法
exists(完成的查询语句)
结果 1 或 0
- 查询有员工的部门名
SELECT `department_name`
FROM `departments` d
WHERE EXISTS(
SELECT *
FROM `employees` e
WHERE d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
);
#使用 in 实现
SELECT `department_name`
FROM `departments` d
WHERE d.`department_id` IN (
SELECT department_id
FROM `employees` e
);
- 查询没有女朋友的男神信息
#in
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE bo.`id` NOT IN(
SELECT `boyfriend_id`
FROM `beauty`
);
#exists
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE NOT EXISTS(
SELECT `boyfriend_id`
FROM `beauty` b
WHERE bo.`id`=b.`boyfriend_id`
);
5 练习
- 查询和zlotkey相同部门的员工姓名和工资
(1)查询zlotkey的部门
SELECT `department_id`
FROM `employees`
WHERE last_name='zlotkey';
(2)查询部门号为(1) 的员工姓名和工资
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM `employees`
WHERE `department_id`=(
SELECT `department_id`
FROM `employees`
WHERE last_name='zlotkey'
);
- 查询工资比公司平均工资高的员工的员工号、姓名和工资
(1)查询公司平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM `employees`;
(2)查询工资>(1) 的 员工的员工号、姓名和工资
SELECT `employee_id`,last_name,`salary`
FROM `employees`
WHERE salary>(
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM `employees`
);
- 查询各部门中工资比本部门平均工资高的员工号、姓名和工资
(1) 查询各部门门平均工资高
SELECT AVG(salary),`department_id`
FROM `employees`
GROUP BY `department_id`
(2)
SELECT `employee_id`,`last_name`,`salary`,e.department_id
FROM `employees` e
INNER JOIN (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,`department_id`
FROM `employees`
GROUP BY `department_id`
) ag_dep
ON e.department_id=ag_dep.department_id
WHERE salary>ag_dep.ag;
- 查询和姓名中包含字母u的员工在相同部门的员工的员工号和姓名
(1)查询姓名中包含字母u的员工
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM `employees`
WHERE last_name LIKE '%u%';
(2) 查询部门号等于(1)的任一一个员工的员工号和姓名
SELECT e.`employee_id`,e.`last_name`
FROM `employees` e
WHERE department_id IN (
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM `employees`
WHERE last_name LIKE '%u%'
);
- 查询在部门的location_id 为1700 的部门工作的员工的员工号
(1)查询location_id 为1700 的部门
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM `departments`
WHERE `location_id`=1700;
(2)查询查询在部门号=(1)的任一一个员工的员工号
SELECT employee_id
FROM `employees` e
WHERE department_id IN (
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM `departments`
WHERE `location_id`=1700
);
- 查询管理者是K_ing的员工姓名和工资
(1)查询姓名是K_ing
SELECT employee_id
FROM `employees`
WHERE `last_name`='K_ing';
(2)查询哪个员工的管理者为(1)
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN(
SELECT employee_id
FROM `employees`
WHERE `last_name`='K_ing'
);
- 查询工资最高的员工的姓名,要求first_name 和 last_name 显示为一列,列名为姓.名
(1)查询工资最高
select max(salary)
from employees;
(2)查询工资=(1)的员工姓名
SELECT CONCAT(first_name,last_name) '姓.名'
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
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