进阶七:子查询
/*
含义:
出现在其他语句中的select语句,称为子查询或内查询
外部的查询语句,称为主查询或外查询
分类:
按子查询出现的位置:
select后面:
仅仅支持标量子查询
from后面:
支持表子查询
where或having后面:★
标量子查询(单行) √
列子查询 (多行) √
行子查询
exists后面(相关子查询)
表子查询
按结果集的行列数不同:
标量子查询(结果集只有一行一列)
列子查询(结果集只有一列多行)
行子查询(结果集有一行多列)
表子查询(结果集一般为多行多列)
*/
一、where或having后面
/*
1、标量子查询(单行子查询)
2、列子查询(多行子查询)
3、行子查询(多列多行)
特点:
①子查询放在小括号内
②子查询一般放在条件的右侧
③标量子查询,一般搭配着单行操作符使用
< >= <= = <>
列子查询,一般搭配着多行操作符使用
in、any/some、all
④子查询的执行优先于主查询执行,主查询的条件用到了子查询的结果
*/
1.标量子查询★
#案例1:谁的工资比 Abel 高?
#①查询Abel的工资
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = ‘Abel’
#②查询员工的信息,满足 salary>①结果
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
);
#案例2:返回job_id与141号员工相同,salary比143号员工多的员工 姓名,job_id 和工资
#①查询141号员工的job_id
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141
#②查询143号员工的salary
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143
#③查询员工的姓名,job_id 和工资,要求job_id=①并且salary>②
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = (
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141
) AND salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143
);
#案例3:返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary
#①查询公司的 最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
#②查询last_name,job_id和salary,要求salary=①
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
);
#案例4:查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资
#查询50号部门最低工资
SELECT MIN(e.salary)
FROM employees e
WHERE e.department_id='50';
SELECT MIN(e.salary) ms
FROM employees e
GROUP BY e.department_id
HAVING ms>(
SELECT MIN(e.salary)
FROM employees e
WHERE e.department_id='50'
);
2.列子查询(多行子查询)★
#案例1:返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中的所有员工姓名
SELECT d.department_id
FROM departments d
WHERE d.location_id IN(1400, 1700);
SELECT e.last_name
FROM employees e
WHERE department_id IN( // <>ALL
SELECT DISTINCT d.department_id
FROM departments d
WHERE d.location_id IN(1400, 1700)
);
#案例2:返回其它工种中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’工种任一工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary
SELECT e.salary
FROM employees e
WHERE e.job_id='IT_PROG';
SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.job_id, e.salary
FROM employees e
WHERE e.salary < ANY(
SELECT e.salary
FROM employees e
WHERE e.job_id='IT_PROG'
);
#或
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
3.行子查询(结果集一行多列或多行多列)
#案例:查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息
SELECT MIN(e.employee_id)
FROM employees e;
SELECT MAX(e.salary)
FROM employees e;
SELECT *
FROM employees e
WHERE (
SELECT MIN(e.employee_id)
FROM employees
)AND(
SELECT MAX(e.salary)
FROM employees
);
二、select 后面
/*
仅支持标量子查询
*/
#案例:查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT d.*,(
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employees e
WHERE e.department_id = d.`department_id`
) 个数
FROM departments d;
三、from后面
/*
将子查询结果充当一张表,要求必须起别名
*/
#案例:查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级
SELECT ag_dep.*,g.`grade_level`
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep
INNER JOIN job_grades g
ON ag_dep.ag BETWEEN lowest_sal AND highest_sal;
四、exists后面(相关子查询)
使用较少
/*
语法:
exists(完整的查询语句)
结果:
1或0
*/
相当于boolean 值
SELECT EXISTS(SELECT employee_id FROM employees WHERE salary=300000);
#查询有员工的部门名
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE EXISTS(
SELECT *
FROM employees e
WHERE d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
);