Netty学习:第三天

编码和解码

  • 编写网络应用程序时,因为数据在网络中传输的都是二进制字节码数据,在发送数据时就需要编码,接收数据时就需要解码

  • codec(编解码器) 的组成部分有两个:decoder(解码器)和 encoder(编码器)。encoder 负责把业务数据转换成字节码数据,decoder 负责把字节码数据转换成业务数据

在这里插入图片描述

Netty 自身提供了一些 codec(编解码器)

Netty 提供的编码器

  • StringEncoder,对字符串数据进行编码
  • ObjectEncoder,对 Java 对象进行编码

Netty 提供的解码器

  • StringDecoder, 对字符串数据进行解码
  • ObjectDecoder,对 Java 对象进行解码

Netty 本身自带的 ObjectDecoder 和 ObjectEncoder 可以用来实现 POJO 对象或各种业务对象的编码和解码,底层使用的仍是 Java 序列化技术 , 而Java 序列化技术本身效率就不高,存在如下问题

  • 无法跨语言
  • 序列化后的体积太大,是二进制编码的 5 倍多。
  • 序列化性能太低

引出 新的解决方案 [Google 的 Protobuf]

Protobuf

  • Protobuf 是 Google 发布的开源项目,全称 Google Protocol Buffers,是一种轻便高效的结构化数据存储格式,可以用于结构化数据串行化,或者说序列化。它很适合做数据存储或 RPC[远程过程调用 remote procedure call ] 数据交换格式 。目前很多公司 http+json -> tcp+protobuf
  • 参考文档 : https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/proto 语言指南
  • Protobuf 是以 message 的方式来管理数据的.
  • 支持跨平台、跨语言,即[客户端和服务器端可以是不同的语言编写的] (支持目前绝大多数语言,例如 C++、C#、Java、python 等)
  • 高性能,高可靠性
  • 使用 protobuf 编译器能自动生成代码,Protobuf 是将类的定义使用.proto 文件进行描述。说明,在idea 中编写 .proto 文件时,会自动提示是否下载 .ptotot 编写插件. 可以让语法高亮。
  • 然后通过 protoc.exe 编译器根据.proto 自动生成.java 文件


Protobuf快速入门实例

  • 客户端可以发送一个Student PoJo 对象到服务器 (通过 Protobuf 编码)
  • 服务端能接收Student PoJo 对象,并显示信息(通过 Protobuf 解码)

引入jar包

<dependency>
    <groupId>com.google.protobuf</groupId>
    <artifactId>protobuf-java</artifactId>
    <version>3.6.1</version>
</dependency>

Student.proto

syntax = "proto3"; //版本
option java_outer_classname = "StudentPOJO";//生成的外部类名,同时也是文件名
//protobuf 使用message 管理数据
message Student { //会在 StudentPOJO 外部类生成一个内部类 Student, 他是真正发送的POJO对象
    int32 id = 1; // Student 类中有 一个属性 名字为 id 类型为int32(protobuf类型) 1表示属性序号,不是值
    string name = 2;
}

执行此命令

在这里插入图片描述

得到一个java文件

  • 如果idea报错,更改编译器版本
// Generated by the protocol buffer compiler.  DO NOT EDIT!
// source: Student.proto

public final class StudentPOJO {
  private StudentPOJO() {}
  public static void registerAllExtensions(
      com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite registry) {
  }

  public static void registerAllExtensions(
      com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistry registry) {
    registerAllExtensions(
        (com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite) registry);
  }
  public interface StudentOrBuilder extends
      // @@protoc_insertion_point(interface_extends:Student)
      com.google.protobuf.MessageOrBuilder {

    /**
     * <pre>
     * Student 类中有 一个属性 名字为 id 类型为int32(protobuf类型) 1表示属性序号,不是值
     * </pre>
     *
     * <code>int32 id = 1;</code>
     */
    int getId();

    /**
     * <code>string name = 2;</code>
     */
    String getName();
    /**
     * <code>string name = 2;</code>
     */
    com.google.protobuf.ByteString
        getNameBytes();
  }
  /**
   * <pre>
   *protobuf 使用message 管理数据
   * </pre>
   *
   * Protobuf type {@code Student}
   */
  public  static final class Student extends
      com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3 implements
      // @@protoc_insertion_point(message_implements:Student)
      StudentOrBuilder {
  private static final long serialVersionUID = 0L;
    // Use Student.newBuilder() to construct.
    private Student(com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3.Builder<?> builder) {
      super(builder);
    }
    private Student() {
      id_ = 0;
      name_ = "";
    }

    @Override
    public final com.google.protobuf.UnknownFieldSet
    getUnknownFields() {
      return this.unknownFields;
    }
    private Student(
        com.google.protobuf.CodedInputStream input,
        com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite extensionRegistry)
        throws com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException {
      this();
      if (extensionRegistry == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException();
      }
      int mutable_bitField0_ = 0;
      com.google.protobuf.UnknownFieldSet.Builder unknownFields =
          com.google.protobuf.UnknownFieldSet.newBuilder();
      try {
        boolean done = false;
        while (!done) {
          int tag = input.readTag();
          switch (tag) {
            case 0:
              done = true;
              break;
            case 8: {

              id_ = input.readInt32();
              break;
            }
            case 18: {
              String s = input.readStringRequireUtf8();

              name_ = s;
              break;
            }
            default: {
              if (!parseUnknownFieldProto3(
                  input, unknownFields, extensionRegistry, tag)) {
                done = true;
              }
              break;
            }
          }
        }
      } catch (com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException e) {
        throw e.setUnfinishedMessage(this);
      } catch (java.io.IOException e) {
        throw new com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException(
            e).setUnfinishedMessage(this);
      } finally {
        this.unknownFields = unknownFields.build();
        makeExtensionsImmutable();
      }
    }
    public static final com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.Descriptor
        getDescriptor() {
      return StudentPOJO.internal_static_Student_descriptor;
    }

    @Override
    protected FieldAccessorTable
        internalGetFieldAccessorTable() {
      return StudentPOJO.internal_static_Student_fieldAccessorTable
          .ensureFieldAccessorsInitialized(
              Student.class, Builder.class);
    }

    public static final int ID_FIELD_NUMBER = 1;
    private int id_;
    /**
     * <pre>
     * Student 类中有 一个属性 名字为 id 类型为int32(protobuf类型) 1表示属性序号,不是值
     * </pre>
     *
     * <code>int32 id = 1;</code>
     */
    public int getId() {
      return id_;
    }

    public static final int NAME_FIELD_NUMBER = 2;
    private volatile Object name_;
    /**
     * <code>string name = 2;</code>
     */
    public String getName() {
      Object ref = name_;
      if (ref instanceof String) {
        return (String) ref;
      } else {
        com.google.protobuf.ByteString bs = 
            (com.google.protobuf.ByteString) ref;
        String s = bs.toStringUtf8();
        name_ = s;
        return s;
      }
    }
    /**
     * <code>string name = 2;</code>
     */
    public com.google.protobuf.ByteString
        getNameBytes() {
      Object ref = name_;
      if (ref instanceof String) {
        com.google.protobuf.ByteString b = 
            com.google.protobuf.ByteString.copyFromUtf8(
                (String) ref);
        name_ = b;
        return b;
      } else {
        return (com.google.protobuf.ByteString) ref;
      }
    }

    private byte memoizedIsInitialized = -1;
    @Override
    public final boolean isInitialized() {
      byte isInitialized = memoizedIsInitialized;
      if (isInitialized == 1) return true;
      if (isInitialized == 0) return false;

      memoizedIsInitialized = 1;
      return true;
    }

    @Override
    public void writeTo(com.google.protobuf.CodedOutputStream output)
                        throws java.io.IOException {
      if (id_ != 0) {
        output.writeInt32(1, id_);
      }
      if (!getNameBytes().isEmpty()) {
        com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3.writeString(output, 2, name_);
      }
      unknownFields.writeTo(output);
    }

    @Override
    public int getSerializedSize() {
      int size = memoizedSize;
      if (size != -1) return size;

      size = 0;
      if (id_ != 0) {
        size += com.google.protobuf.CodedOutputStream
          .computeInt32Size(1, id_);
      }
      if (!getNameBytes().isEmpty()) {
        size += com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3.computeStringSize(2, name_);
      }
      size += unknownFields.getSerializedSize();
      memoizedSize = size;
      return size;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(final Object obj) {
      if (obj == this) {
       return true;
      }
      if (!(obj instanceof Student)) {
        return super.equals(obj);
      }
      Student other = (Student) obj;

      boolean result = true;
      result = result && (getId()
          == other.getId());
      result = result && getName()
          .equals(other.getName());
      result = result && unknownFields.equals(other.unknownFields);
      return result;
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
      if (memoizedHashCode != 0) {
        return memoizedHashCode;
      }
      int hash = 41;
      hash = (19 * hash) + getDescriptor().hashCode();
      hash = (37 * hash) + ID_FIELD_NUMBER;
      hash = (53 * hash) + getId();
      hash = (37 * hash) + NAME_FIELD_NUMBER;
      hash = (53 * hash) + getName().hashCode();
      hash = (29 * hash) + unknownFields.hashCode();
      memoizedHashCode = hash;
      return hash;
    }

    public static Student parseFrom(
        java.nio.ByteBuffer data)
        throws com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException {
      return PARSER.parseFrom(data);
    }
    public static Student parseFrom(
        java.nio.ByteBuffer data,
        com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite extensionRegistry)
        throws com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException {
      return PARSER.parseFrom(data, extensionRegistry);
    }
    public static Student parseFrom(
        com.google.protobuf.ByteString data)
        throws com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException {
      return PARSER.parseFrom(data);
    }
    public static Student parseFrom(
        com.google.protobuf.ByteString data,
        com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite extensionRegistry)
        throws com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException {
      return PARSER.parseFrom(data, extensionRegistry);
    }
    public static Student parseFrom(byte[] data)
        throws com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException {
      return PARSER.parseFrom(data);
    }
    public static Student parseFrom(
        byte[] data,
        com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite extensionRegistry)
        throws com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException {
      return PARSER.parseFrom(data, extensionRegistry);
    }
    public static Student parseFrom(java.io.InputStream input)
        throws java.io.IOException {
      return com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3
          .parseWithIOException(PARSER, input);
    }
    public static Student parseFrom(
        java.io.InputStream input,
        com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite extensionRegistry)
        throws java.io.IOException {
      return com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3
          .parseWithIOException(PARSER, input, extensionRegistry);
    }
    public static Student parseDelimitedFrom(java.io.InputStream input)
        throws java.io.IOException {
      return com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3
          .parseDelimitedWithIOException(PARSER, input);
    }
    public static Student parseDelimitedFrom(
        java.io.InputStream input,
        com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite extensionRegistry)
        throws java.io.IOException {
      return com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3
          .parseDelimitedWithIOException(PARSER, input, extensionRegistry);
    }
    public static Student parseFrom(
        com.google.protobuf.CodedInputStream input)
        throws java.io.IOException {
      return com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3
          .parseWithIOException(PARSER, input);
    }
    public static Student parseFrom(
        com.google.protobuf.CodedInputStream input,
        com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite extensionRegistry)
        throws java.io.IOException {
      return com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3
          .parseWithIOException(PARSER, input, extensionRegistry);
    }

    @Override
    public Builder newBuilderForType() { return newBuilder(); }
    public static Builder newBuilder() {
      return DEFAULT_INSTANCE.toBuilder();
    }
    public static Builder newBuilder(Student prototype) {
      return DEFAULT_INSTANCE.toBuilder().mergeFrom(prototype);
    }
    @Override
    public Builder toBuilder() {
      return this == DEFAULT_INSTANCE
          ? new Builder() : new Builder().mergeFrom(this);
    }

    @Override
    protected Builder newBuilderForType(
        BuilderParent parent) {
      Builder builder = new Builder(parent);
      return builder;
    }
    /**
     * <pre>
     *protobuf 使用message 管理数据
     * </pre>
     *
     * Protobuf type {@code Student}
     */
    public static final class Builder extends
        com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3.Builder<Builder> implements
        // @@protoc_insertion_point(builder_implements:Student)
        StudentOrBuilder {
      public static final com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.Descriptor
          getDescriptor() {
        return StudentPOJO.internal_static_Student_descriptor;
      }

      @Override
      protected FieldAccessorTable
          internalGetFieldAccessorTable() {
        return StudentPOJO.internal_static_Student_fieldAccessorTable
            .ensureFieldAccessorsInitialized(
                Student.class, Builder.class);
      }

      // Construct using StudentPOJO.Student.newBuilder()
      private Builder() {
        maybeForceBuilderInitialization();
      }

      private Builder(
          BuilderParent parent) {
        super(parent);
        maybeForceBuilderInitialization();
      }
      private void maybeForceBuilderInitialization() {
        if (com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3
                .alwaysUseFieldBuilders) {
        }
      }
      @Override
      public Builder clear() {
        super.clear();
        id_ = 0;

        name_ = "";

        return this;
      }

      @Override
      public com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.Descriptor
          getDescriptorForType() {
        return StudentPOJO.internal_static_Student_descriptor;
      }

      @Override
      public Student getDefaultInstanceForType() {
        return Student.getDefaultInstance();
      }

      @Override
      public Student build() {
        Student result = buildPartial();
        if (!result.isInitialized()) {
          throw newUninitializedMessageException(result);
        }
        return result;
      }

      @Override
      public Student buildPartial() {
        Student result = new Student(this);
        result.id_ = id_;
        result.name_ = name_;
        onBuilt();
        return result;
      }

      @Override
      public Builder clone() {
        return (Builder) super.clone();
      }
      @Override
      public Builder setField(
          com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.FieldDescriptor field,
          Object value) {
        return (Builder) super.setField(field, value);
      }
      @Override
      public Builder clearField(
          com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.FieldDescriptor field) {
        return (Builder) super.clearField(field);
      }
      @Override
      public Builder clearOneof(
          com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.OneofDescriptor oneof) {
        return (Builder) super.clearOneof(oneof);
      }
      @Override
      public Builder setRepeatedField(
          com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.FieldDescriptor field,
          int index, Object value) {
        return (Builder) super.setRepeatedField(field, index, value);
      }
      @Override
      public Builder addRepeatedField(
          com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.FieldDescriptor field,
          Object value) {
        return (Builder) super.addRepeatedField(field, value);
      }
      @Override
      public Builder mergeFrom(com.google.protobuf.Message other) {
        if (other instanceof Student) {
          return mergeFrom((Student)other);
        } else {
          super.mergeFrom(other);
          return this;
        }
      }

      public Builder mergeFrom(Student other) {
        if (other == Student.getDefaultInstance()) return this;
        if (other.getId() != 0) {
          setId(other.getId());
        }
        if (!other.getName().isEmpty()) {
          name_ = other.name_;
          onChanged();
        }
        this.mergeUnknownFields(other.unknownFields);
        onChanged();
        return this;
      }

      @Override
      public final boolean isInitialized() {
        return true;
      }

      @Override
      public Builder mergeFrom(
          com.google.protobuf.CodedInputStream input,
          com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite extensionRegistry)
          throws java.io.IOException {
        Student parsedMessage = null;
        try {
          parsedMessage = PARSER.parsePartialFrom(input, extensionRegistry);
        } catch (com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException e) {
          parsedMessage = (Student) e.getUnfinishedMessage();
          throw e.unwrapIOException();
        } finally {
          if (parsedMessage != null) {
            mergeFrom(parsedMessage);
          }
        }
        return this;
      }

      private int id_ ;
      /**
       * <pre>
       * Student 类中有 一个属性 名字为 id 类型为int32(protobuf类型) 1表示属性序号,不是值
       * </pre>
       *
       * <code>int32 id = 1;</code>
       */
      public int getId() {
        return id_;
      }
      /**
       * <pre>
       * Student 类中有 一个属性 名字为 id 类型为int32(protobuf类型) 1表示属性序号,不是值
       * </pre>
       *
       * <code>int32 id = 1;</code>
       */
      public Builder setId(int value) {
        
        id_ = value;
        onChanged();
        return this;
      }
      /**
       * <pre>
       * Student 类中有 一个属性 名字为 id 类型为int32(protobuf类型) 1表示属性序号,不是值
       * </pre>
       *
       * <code>int32 id = 1;</code>
       */
      public Builder clearId() {
        
        id_ = 0;
        onChanged();
        return this;
      }

      private Object name_ = "";
      /**
       * <code>string name = 2;</code>
       */
      public String getName() {
        Object ref = name_;
        if (!(ref instanceof String)) {
          com.google.protobuf.ByteString bs =
              (com.google.protobuf.ByteString) ref;
          String s = bs.toStringUtf8();
          name_ = s;
          return s;
        } else {
          return (String) ref;
        }
      }
      /**
       * <code>string name = 2;</code>
       */
      public com.google.protobuf.ByteString
          getNameBytes() {
        Object ref = name_;
        if (ref instanceof String) {
          com.google.protobuf.ByteString b = 
              com.google.protobuf.ByteString.copyFromUtf8(
                  (String) ref);
          name_ = b;
          return b;
        } else {
          return (com.google.protobuf.ByteString) ref;
        }
      }
      /**
       * <code>string name = 2;</code>
       */
      public Builder setName(
          String value) {
        if (value == null) {
    throw new NullPointerException();
  }
  
        name_ = value;
        onChanged();
        return this;
      }
      /**
       * <code>string name = 2;</code>
       */
      public Builder clearName() {
        
        name_ = getDefaultInstance().getName();
        onChanged();
        return this;
      }
      /**
       * <code>string name = 2;</code>
       */
      public Builder setNameBytes(
          com.google.protobuf.ByteString value) {
        if (value == null) {
    throw new NullPointerException();
  }
  checkByteStringIsUtf8(value);
        
        name_ = value;
        onChanged();
        return this;
      }
      @Override
      public final Builder setUnknownFields(
          final com.google.protobuf.UnknownFieldSet unknownFields) {
        return super.setUnknownFieldsProto3(unknownFields);
      }

      @Override
      public final Builder mergeUnknownFields(
          final com.google.protobuf.UnknownFieldSet unknownFields) {
        return super.mergeUnknownFields(unknownFields);
      }


      // @@protoc_insertion_point(builder_scope:Student)
    }

    // @@protoc_insertion_point(class_scope:Student)
    private static final Student DEFAULT_INSTANCE;
    static {
      DEFAULT_INSTANCE = new Student();
    }

    public static Student getDefaultInstance() {
      return DEFAULT_INSTANCE;
    }

    private static final com.google.protobuf.Parser<Student>
        PARSER = new com.google.protobuf.AbstractParser<Student>() {
      @Override
      public Student parsePartialFrom(
          com.google.protobuf.CodedInputStream input,
          com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite extensionRegistry)
          throws com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException {
        return new Student(input, extensionRegistry);
      }
    };

    public static com.google.protobuf.Parser<Student> parser() {
      return PARSER;
    }

    @Override
    public com.google.protobuf.Parser<Student> getParserForType() {
      return PARSER;
    }

    @Override
    public Student getDefaultInstanceForType() {
      return DEFAULT_INSTANCE;
    }

  }

  private static final com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.Descriptor
    internal_static_Student_descriptor;
  private static final 
    com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3.FieldAccessorTable
      internal_static_Student_fieldAccessorTable;

  public static com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.FileDescriptor
      getDescriptor() {
    return descriptor;
  }
  private static  com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.FileDescriptor
      descriptor;
  static {
    String[] descriptorData = {
      "\n\rStudent.proto\"#\n\007Student\022\n\n\002id\030\001 \001(\005\022\014" +
      "\n\004name\030\002 \001(\tB\rB\013StudentPOJOb\006proto3"
    };
    com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.FileDescriptor.InternalDescriptorAssigner assigner =
        new com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.FileDescriptor.    InternalDescriptorAssigner() {
          public com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistry assignDescriptors(
              com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.FileDescriptor root) {
            descriptor = root;
            return null;
          }
        };
    com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.FileDescriptor
      .internalBuildGeneratedFileFrom(descriptorData,
        new com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.FileDescriptor[] {
        }, assigner);
    internal_static_Student_descriptor =
      getDescriptor().getMessageTypes().get(0);
    internal_static_Student_fieldAccessorTable = new
      com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3.FieldAccessorTable(
        internal_static_Student_descriptor,
        new String[] { "Id", "Name", });
  }

  // @@protoc_insertion_point(outer_class_scope)
}

NettyClient

public class NettyClient {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

        //客户端需要一个事件循环组
        EventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();


        try {
            //创建客户端启动对象
            //注意客户端使用的不是 ServerBootstrap 而是 Bootstrap
            Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();

            //设置相关参数
            bootstrap.group(group) //设置线程组
                    .channel(NioSocketChannel.class) // 设置客户端通道的实现类(反射)
                    .handler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
                        @Override
                        protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
                            ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline();
                            //在pipeline中加入 ProtoBufEncoder
                            pipeline.addLast("encoder", new ProtobufEncoder());
                            pipeline.addLast(new NettyClientHandler()); //加入自己的处理器
                        }
                    });

            System.out.println("客户端 ok..");

            //启动客户端去连接服务器端
            //关于 ChannelFuture 要分析,涉及到netty的异步模型
            ChannelFuture channelFuture = bootstrap.connect("127.0.0.1", 6668).sync();
            //给关闭通道进行监听
            channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();
        }finally {

            group.shutdownGracefully();

        }
    }
}

NettyClientHandler

public class NettyClientHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {

    //当通道就绪就会触发该方法
    @Override
    public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {

        //发生一个Student 对象到服务器

        StudentPOJO.Student student = StudentPOJO.Student.newBuilder().setId(4).setName("智多星 吴用").build();
        //Teacher , Member ,Message
        ctx.writeAndFlush(student);
    }

    //当通道有读取事件时,会触发
    @Override
    public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {

        ByteBuf buf = (ByteBuf) msg;
        System.out.println("服务器回复的消息:" + buf.toString(CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
        System.out.println("服务器的地址: "+ ctx.channel().remoteAddress());
    }

    @Override
    public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
        cause.printStackTrace();
        ctx.close();
    }
}

NettyServer

public class NettyServer {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {


        //创建BossGroup 和 WorkerGroup
        //说明
        //1. 创建两个线程组 bossGroup 和 workerGroup
        //2. bossGroup 只是处理连接请求 , 真正的和客户端业务处理,会交给 workerGroup完成
        //3. 两个都是无限循环
        //4. bossGroup 和 workerGroup 含有的子线程(NioEventLoop)的个数
        //   默认实际 cpu核数 * 2
        EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(1);
        EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(); //8



        try {
            //创建服务器端的启动对象,配置参数
            ServerBootstrap bootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();

            //使用链式编程来进行设置
            bootstrap.group(bossGroup, workerGroup) //设置两个线程组
                    .channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class) //使用NioSocketChannel 作为服务器的通道实现
                    .option(ChannelOption.SO_BACKLOG, 128) // 设置线程队列得到连接个数
                    .childOption(ChannelOption.SO_KEEPALIVE, true) //设置保持活动连接状态
//                    .handler(null) // 该 handler对应 bossGroup , childHandler 对应 workerGroup
                    .childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {//创建一个通道初始化对象(匿名对象)
                        //给pipeline 设置处理器
                        @Override
                        protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {


                            ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline();
                            //在pipeline加入ProtoBufDecoder
                            //指定对哪种对象进行解码
                            pipeline.addLast("decoder", new ProtobufDecoder(StudentPOJO.Student.getDefaultInstance()));
                            pipeline.addLast(new NettyServerHandler());
                        }
                    }); // 给我们的workerGroup 的 EventLoop 对应的管道设置处理器

            System.out.println(".....服务器 is ready...");

            //绑定一个端口并且同步, 生成了一个 ChannelFuture 对象
            //启动服务器(并绑定端口)
            ChannelFuture cf = bootstrap.bind(6668).sync();

            //给cf 注册监听器,监控我们关心的事件

            cf.addListener(new ChannelFutureListener() {
                @Override
                public void operationComplete(ChannelFuture future) throws Exception {
                    if (cf.isSuccess()) {
                        System.out.println("监听端口 6668 成功");
                    } else {
                        System.out.println("监听端口 6668 失败");
                    }
                }
            });


            //对关闭通道进行监听
            cf.channel().closeFuture().sync();
        }finally {
            bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();
            workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
        }

    }

}

NettyServerHandler

/*
说明
1. 我们自定义一个Handler 需要继续netty 规定好的某个HandlerAdapter(规范)
2. 这时我们自定义一个Handler , 才能称为一个handler
 */
//public class NettyServerHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
public class NettyServerHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<StudentPOJO.Student> {


    //读取数据实际(这里我们可以读取客户端发送的消息)
    /*
    1. ChannelHandlerContext ctx:上下文对象, 含有 管道pipeline , 通道channel, 地址
    2. Object msg: 就是客户端发送的数据 默认Object
     */
    @Override
    public void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, StudentPOJO.Student msg) throws Exception {

        //读取从客户端发送的StudentPojo.Student


        System.out.println("客户端发送的数据 id=" + msg.getId() + " 名字=" + msg.getName());
    }



//    //读取数据实际(这里我们可以读取客户端发送的消息)
//    /*
//    1. ChannelHandlerContext ctx:上下文对象, 含有 管道pipeline , 通道channel, 地址
//    2. Object msg: 就是客户端发送的数据 默认Object
//     */
//    @Override
//    public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
//
//        //读取从客户端发送的StudentPojo.Student
//
//        StudentPOJO.Student student = (StudentPOJO.Student) msg;
//
//        System.out.println("客户端发送的数据 id=" + student.getId() + " 名字=" + student.getName());
//    }

    //数据读取完毕
    @Override
    public void channelReadComplete(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {

        //writeAndFlush 是 write + flush
        //将数据写入到缓存,并刷新
        //一般讲,我们对这个发送的数据进行编码
        ctx.writeAndFlush(Unpooled.copiedBuffer("hello, 客户端~(>^ω^<)喵1", CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
    }

    //处理异常, 一般是需要关闭通道

    @Override
    public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
        ctx.close();
    }
}

Protobuf快速入门实例2

  • 客户端可以随机发送Student PoJo/ Worker PoJo 对象到服务器 (通过 Protobuf 编码)
  • 服务端能接收Student PoJo/ Worker PoJo 对象(需要判断是哪种类型),并显示信息(通过 Protobuf 解码)
syntax = "proto3";
option optimize_for = SPEED; // 加快解析
option java_package="com.hsw.netty.codec2";   //指定生成到哪个包下
option java_outer_classname="MyDataInfo"; // 外部类名, 文件名

//protobuf 可以使用message 管理其他的message
message MyMessage {

    //定义一个枚举类型
    enum DataType {
        StudentType = 0; //在proto3 要求enum的编号从0开始
        WorkerType = 1;
    }

    //用data_type 来标识传的是哪一个枚举类型
    DataType data_type = 1;

    //表示每次枚举类型最多只能出现其中的一个, 节省空间
    oneof dataBody {
        Student student = 2;
        Worker worker = 3;
    }

}


message Student {
    int32 id = 1;//Student类的属性
    string name = 2; //
}
message Worker {
    string name=1;
    int32 age=2;
}

同第一步操作生成java文件,巨大不粘贴了
NettyClient

public class NettyClient {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

        //客户端需要一个事件循环组
        EventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();


        try {
            //创建客户端启动对象
            //注意客户端使用的不是 ServerBootstrap 而是 Bootstrap
            Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();

            //设置相关参数
            bootstrap.group(group) //设置线程组
                    .channel(NioSocketChannel.class) // 设置客户端通道的实现类(反射)
                    .handler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
                        @Override
                        protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
                            ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline();
                            //在pipeline中加入 ProtoBufEncoder
                            pipeline.addLast("encoder", new ProtobufEncoder());
                            pipeline.addLast(new NettyClientHandler()); //加入自己的处理器
                        }
                    });

            System.out.println("客户端 ok..");

            //启动客户端去连接服务器端
            //关于 ChannelFuture 要分析,涉及到netty的异步模型
            ChannelFuture channelFuture = bootstrap.connect("127.0.0.1", 6668).sync();
            //给关闭通道进行监听
            channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();
        }finally {

            group.shutdownGracefully();

        }
    }
}

NettyClientHandler

public class NettyClientHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {

    //当通道就绪就会触发该方法
    @Override
    public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {

        //随机的发送Student 或者 Workder 对象
        int random = new Random().nextInt(3);
        MyDataInfo.MyMessage myMessage = null;

        if(0 == random) { //发送Student 对象

            myMessage = MyDataInfo.MyMessage.newBuilder().setDataType(MyDataInfo.MyMessage.DataType.StudentType).setStudent(MyDataInfo.Student.newBuilder().setId(5).setName("玉麒麟 卢俊义").build()).build();
        } else { // 发送一个Worker 对象

            myMessage = MyDataInfo.MyMessage.newBuilder().setDataType(MyDataInfo.MyMessage.DataType.WorkerType).setWorker(MyDataInfo.Worker.newBuilder().setAge(20).setName("老李").build()).build();
        }

        ctx.writeAndFlush(myMessage);
    }

    //当通道有读取事件时,会触发
    @Override
    public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {

        ByteBuf buf = (ByteBuf) msg;
        System.out.println("服务器回复的消息:" + buf.toString(CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
        System.out.println("服务器的地址: "+ ctx.channel().remoteAddress());
    }

    @Override
    public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
        cause.printStackTrace();
        ctx.close();
    }
}

NettyServer

public class NettyServer {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {


        //创建BossGroup 和 WorkerGroup
        //说明
        //1. 创建两个线程组 bossGroup 和 workerGroup
        //2. bossGroup 只是处理连接请求 , 真正的和客户端业务处理,会交给 workerGroup完成
        //3. 两个都是无限循环
        //4. bossGroup 和 workerGroup 含有的子线程(NioEventLoop)的个数
        //   默认实际 cpu核数 * 2
        EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(1);
        EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(); //8



        try {
            //创建服务器端的启动对象,配置参数
            ServerBootstrap bootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();

            //使用链式编程来进行设置
            bootstrap.group(bossGroup, workerGroup) //设置两个线程组
                    .channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class) //使用NioSocketChannel 作为服务器的通道实现
                    .option(ChannelOption.SO_BACKLOG, 128) // 设置线程队列得到连接个数
                    .childOption(ChannelOption.SO_KEEPALIVE, true) //设置保持活动连接状态
//                    .handler(null) // 该 handler对应 bossGroup , childHandler 对应 workerGroup
                    .childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {//创建一个通道初始化对象(匿名对象)
                        //给pipeline 设置处理器
                        @Override
                        protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {


                            ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline();
                            //在pipeline加入ProtoBufDecoder
                            //指定对哪种对象进行解码
                            pipeline.addLast("decoder", new ProtobufDecoder(MyDataInfo.MyMessage.getDefaultInstance()));
                            pipeline.addLast(new NettyServerHandler());
                        }
                    }); // 给我们的workerGroup 的 EventLoop 对应的管道设置处理器

            System.out.println(".....服务器 is ready...");

            //绑定一个端口并且同步, 生成了一个 ChannelFuture 对象
            //启动服务器(并绑定端口)
            ChannelFuture cf = bootstrap.bind(6668).sync();

            //给cf 注册监听器,监控我们关心的事件

            cf.addListener(new ChannelFutureListener() {
                @Override
                public void operationComplete(ChannelFuture future) throws Exception {
                    if (cf.isSuccess()) {
                        System.out.println("监听端口 6668 成功");
                    } else {
                        System.out.println("监听端口 6668 失败");
                    }
                }
            });


            //对关闭通道进行监听
            cf.channel().closeFuture().sync();
        }finally {
            bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();
            workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
        }

    }

}

NettyServerHandler

/*
说明
1. 我们自定义一个Handler 需要继续netty 规定好的某个HandlerAdapter(规范)
2. 这时我们自定义一个Handler , 才能称为一个handler
 */
//public class NettyServerHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
public class NettyServerHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<MyDataInfo.MyMessage> {


    //读取数据实际(这里我们可以读取客户端发送的消息)
    /*
    1. ChannelHandlerContext ctx:上下文对象, 含有 管道pipeline , 通道channel, 地址
    2. Object msg: 就是客户端发送的数据 默认Object
     */
    @Override
    public void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, MyDataInfo.MyMessage msg) throws Exception {

        //根据dataType 来显示不同的信息

        MyDataInfo.MyMessage.DataType dataType = msg.getDataType();
        if(dataType == MyDataInfo.MyMessage.DataType.StudentType) {

            MyDataInfo.Student student = msg.getStudent();
            System.out.println("学生id=" + student.getId() + " 学生名字=" + student.getName());

        } else if(dataType == MyDataInfo.MyMessage.DataType.WorkerType) {
            MyDataInfo.Worker worker = msg.getWorker();
            System.out.println("工人的名字=" + worker.getName() + " 年龄=" + worker.getAge());
        } else {
            System.out.println("传输的类型不正确");
        }


    }



//    //读取数据实际(这里我们可以读取客户端发送的消息)
//    /*
//    1. ChannelHandlerContext ctx:上下文对象, 含有 管道pipeline , 通道channel, 地址
//    2. Object msg: 就是客户端发送的数据 默认Object
//     */
//    @Override
//    public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
//
//        //读取从客户端发送的StudentPojo.Student
//
//        StudentPOJO.Student student = (StudentPOJO.Student) msg;
//
//        System.out.println("客户端发送的数据 id=" + student.getId() + " 名字=" + student.getName());
//    }

    //数据读取完毕
    @Override
    public void channelReadComplete(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {

        //writeAndFlush 是 write + flush
        //将数据写入到缓存,并刷新
        //一般讲,我们对这个发送的数据进行编码
        ctx.writeAndFlush(Unpooled.copiedBuffer("hello, 客户端~(>^ω^<)喵1", CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
    }

    //处理异常, 一般是需要关闭通道

    @Override
    public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
        ctx.close();
    }
}

Netty编解码器和handler的调用机制

  • netty的组件设计:Netty的主要组件有Channel、EventLoop、ChannelFuture、ChannelHandler、ChannelPipe等

  • ChannelHandler充当了处理入站和出站数据的应用程序逻辑的容器。例如,实现ChannelInboundHandler接口(或ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter),你就可以接收入站事件和数据,这些数据会被业务逻辑处理。当要给客户端发送响应时,也可以从ChannelInboundHandler冲刷数据。业务逻辑通常写在一个或者多个ChannelInboundHandler中。ChannelOutboundHandler原理一样,只不过它是用来处理出站数据的

  • ChannelPipeline提供了ChannelHandler链的容器。以客户端应用程序为例,如果事件的运动方向是从客户端到服务端的,那么我们称这些事件为出站的,即客户端发送给服务端的数据会通过pipeline中的一系列ChannelOutboundHandler,并被这些Handler处理,反之则称为入站的

在这里插入图片描述
编码解码器

  • 当Netty发送或者接受一个消息的时候,就将会发生一次数据转换。入站消息会被解码:从字节转换为另一种格式(比如java对象);如果是出站消息,它会被编码成字节。

  • Netty提供一系列实用的编解码器,他们都实现了ChannelInboundHadnler或者ChannelOutboundHandler接口。在这些类中,channelRead方法已经被重写了。以入站为例,对于每个从入站Channel读取的消息,这个方法会被调用。随后,它将调用由解码器所提供的decode()方法进行解码,并将已经解码的字节转发给ChannelPipeline中的下一个ChannelInboundHandler。

解码器-ByteToMessageDecoder

在这里插入图片描述

  • 由于不可能知道远程节点是否会一次性发送一个完整的信息,tcp有可能出现粘包拆包的问题,这个类会对入站数据进行缓冲,直到它准备好被处理.
  • 一个关于ByteToMessageDecoder实例分析
public class ToIntegerDecoder extends ByteToMessageDecoder {
    @Override
    protected void decode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf in, List<Object> out) throws Exception {
        if (in.readableBytes() >= 4) {
            out.add(in.readInt());
        }
    }
}

  • 这个例子,每次入站从ByteBuf中读取4字节,将其解码为一个int,然后将它添加到下一个List中。当没有更多元素可以被添加到该List中时,它的内容将会被发送给下一个ChannelInboundHandler。int在被添加到List中时,会被自动装箱为Integer。在调用readInt()方法前必须验证所输入的ByteBuf是否具有足够的数据

Netty的handler链的调用机制

  • 使用自定义的编码器和解码器来说明Netty的handler 调用机制客户端发送long -> 服务器服务端发送long -> 客户端

MyServer

public class MyServer {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{

        EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(1);
        EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();

        try {

            ServerBootstrap serverBootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();
            serverBootstrap.group(bossGroup,workerGroup).channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class).childHandler(new MyServerInitializer()); //自定义一个初始化类


            ChannelFuture channelFuture = serverBootstrap.bind(7000).sync();
            channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();

        }finally {
            bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();
            workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
        }

    }
}

MyServerInitializer

public class MyServerInitializer extends ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel> {

    @Override
    protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
        ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline();//一会下断点

        //入站的handler进行解码 MyByteToLongDecoder
        //pipeline.addLast(new MyByteToLongDecoder());
        pipeline.addLast(new MyByteToLongDecoder2());
        //出站的handler进行编码
        pipeline.addLast(new MyLongToByteEncoder());
        //自定义的handler 处理业务逻辑
        pipeline.addLast(new MyServerHandler());
        System.out.println("xx");
    }
}

MyServerHandler

public class MyServerHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<Long> {
    @Override
    protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Long msg) throws Exception {

        System.out.println("从客户端" + ctx.channel().remoteAddress() + " 读取到long " + msg);

        //给客户端发送一个long
        ctx.writeAndFlush(98765L);
    }

    @Override
    public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
        cause.printStackTrace();
        ctx.close();
    }
}

MyClient

public class MyClient {
    public static void main(String[] args)  throws  Exception{

        EventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();

        try {

            Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
            bootstrap.group(group).channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
                    .handler(new MyClientInitializer()); //自定义一个初始化类

            ChannelFuture channelFuture = bootstrap.connect("localhost", 7000).sync();

            channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();

        }finally {
            group.shutdownGracefully();
        }
    }
}

MyClientInitializer

public class MyClientInitializer extends ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel> {
    @Override
    protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {

        ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline();

        //加入一个出站的handler 对数据进行一个编码
        pipeline.addLast(new MyLongToByteEncoder());

        //这时一个入站的解码器(入站handler )
        //pipeline.addLast(new MyByteToLongDecoder());
        pipeline.addLast(new MyByteToLongDecoder2());
        //加入一个自定义的handler , 处理业务
        pipeline.addLast(new MyClientHandler());
    }
}

MyClientHandler

public class MyClientHandler  extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<Long> {
    @Override
    protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Long msg) throws Exception {

        System.out.println("服务器的ip=" + ctx.channel().remoteAddress());
        System.out.println("收到服务器消息=" + msg);

    }
    
    //重写channelActive 发送数据
    
    @Override
    public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
        System.out.println("MyClientHandler 发送数据");
        //ctx.writeAndFlush(Unpooled.copiedBuffer(""))
        ctx.writeAndFlush(123456L); //发送的是一个long

        //分析
        //1. "abcdabcdabcdabcd" 是 16个字节
        //2. 该处理器的前一个handler 是  MyLongToByteEncoder
        //3. MyLongToByteEncoder 父类  MessageToByteEncoder
        //4. 父类  MessageToByteEncoder如下
        /*

         public void write(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg, ChannelPromise promise) throws Exception {
        ByteBuf buf = null;
        try {
            if (acceptOutboundMessage(msg)) { //判断当前msg 是不是应该处理的类型,如果是就处理,不是就跳过encode
                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                I cast = (I) msg;
                buf = allocateBuffer(ctx, cast, preferDirect);
                try {
                    encode(ctx, cast, buf);
                } finally {
                    ReferenceCountUtil.release(cast);
                }

                if (buf.isReadable()) {
                    ctx.write(buf, promise);
                } else {
                    buf.release();
                    ctx.write(Unpooled.EMPTY_BUFFER, promise);
                }
                buf = null;
            } else {
                ctx.write(msg, promise);
            }
        }
        4. 因此我们编写 Encoder 是要注意传入的数据类型和处理的数据类型一致
        */
       // ctx.writeAndFlush(Unpooled.copiedBuffer("abcdabcdabcdabcd",CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
    }
}

MyByteToLongDecoder

public class MyByteToLongDecoder extends ByteToMessageDecoder {
    /**
     *
     * decode 会根据接收的数据,被调用多次, 直到确定没有新的元素被添加到list
     * , 或者是ByteBuf 没有更多的可读字节为止
     * 如果list out 不为空,就会将list的内容传递给下一个 channelinboundhandler处理, 该处理器的方法也会被调用多次
     *
     * @param ctx 上下文对象
     * @param in 入站的 ByteBuf
     * @param out List 集合,将解码后的数据传给下一个handler
     * @throws Exception
     */
    @Override
    protected void decode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf in, List<Object> out) throws Exception {
        System.out.println("MyByteToLongDecoder 被调用");
        //因为 long 8个字节, 需要判断有8个字节,才能读取一个long
        if(in.readableBytes() >= 8) {
            out.add(in.readLong());
        }
    }
}
  • 不论解码器handler 还是 编码器handler 即接收的消息类型必须与待处理的消息类型一致,否则该handler不会被执行

  • 在解码器 进行数据解码时,需要判断 缓存区(ByteBuf)的数据是否足够 ,否则接收到的结果会期望结果可能不一致

在这里插入图片描述
解码器-ReplayingDecoder

  • public abstract class ReplayingDecoder extends ByteToMessageDecoder

  • ReplayingDecoder扩展了ByteToMessageDecoder类,使用这个类,我们不必调用readableBytes()方法。参数S指定了用户状态管理的类型,其中Void代表不需要状态管理

应用实例:使用ReplayingDecoder 编写解码器,对前面的案例进行简化

MyByteToLongDecoder2

public class MyByteToLongDecoder2 extends ReplayingDecoder<Void> {
    @Override
    protected void decode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf in, List<Object> out) throws Exception {

        System.out.println("MyByteToLongDecoder2 被调用");
        //在 ReplayingDecoder 不需要判断数据是否足够读取,内部会进行处理判断
        out.add(in.readLong());
    }
}

ReplayingDecoder使用方便,但它也有一些局限性:

  • 并不是所有的 ByteBuf 操作都被支持,如果调用了一个不被支持的方法,将会抛出一个 UnsupportedOperationException。
  • ReplayingDecoder 在某些情况下可能稍慢于 ByteToMessageDecoder,例如网络缓慢并且消息格式复杂时,消息会被拆成了多个碎片,速度变慢

其它编解码器

  • LineBasedFrameDecoder:这个类在Netty内部也有使用,它使用行尾控制字符(\n或者\r\n)作为分隔符来解析数据。

  • DelimiterBasedFrameDecoder:使用自定义的特殊字符作为消息的分隔符。

  • HttpObjectDecoder:一个HTTP数据的解码器

  • LengthFieldBasedFrameDecoder:通过指定长度来标识整包消息,这样就可以自动的处理黏包和半包消息。

Log4j 整合到Netty

log4j.rootLogger=DEBUG, stdout
log4j.appender.stdout=org.apache.log4j.ConsoleAppender
log4j.appender.stdout.layout=org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout
log4j.appender.stdout.layout.ConversionPattern=[%p] %C{1} - %m%n

maven:

        <dependency>
            <groupId>log4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>log4j</artifactId>
            <version>1.2.17</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
           <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
            <version>1.7.25</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>slf4j-log4j12</artifactId>
            <version>1.7.25</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>slf4j-simple</artifactId>
            <version>1.7.25</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>

TCP 粘包和拆包 及解决方案

TCP 粘包和拆包基本介绍

  • TCP是面向连接的,面向流的,提供高可靠性服务。收发两端(客户端和服务器端)都要有一一成对的socket,因此,发送端为了将多个发给接收端的包,更有效的发给对方,使用了优化方法(Nagle算法),将多次间隔较小且数据量小的数据,合并成一个大的数据块,然后进行封包。这样做虽然提高了效率,但是接收端就难于分辨出完整的数据包了,因为面向流的通信是无消息保护边界的

  • 由于TCP无消息保护边界, 需要在接收端处理消息边界问题,也就是我们所说的粘包、拆包问题, 看一张图

在这里插入图片描述

假设客户端分别发送了两个数据包D1和D2给服务端,由于服务端一次读取到字节数是不确定的,故可能存在以下四种情况:

  • 服务端分两次读取到了两个独立的数据包,分别是D1和D2,没有粘包和拆包

  • 服务端一次接受到了两个数据包,D1和D2粘合在一起,称之为TCP粘包

  • 服务端分两次读取到了数据包,第一次读取到了完整的D1包和D2包的部分内容,第二次读取到了D2包的剩余内容,这称之为TCP拆包

  • 服务端分两次读取到了数据包,第一次读取到了D1包的部分内容D1_1,第二次读取到了D1包的剩余部分内容D1_2和完整的D2包。

TCP 粘包和拆包现象实例

MyClient

public class MyClient {
    public static void main(String[] args)  throws  Exception{

        EventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();

        try {

            Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
            bootstrap.group(group).channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
                    .handler(new MyClientInitializer()); //自定义一个初始化类

            ChannelFuture channelFuture = bootstrap.connect("localhost", 7000).sync();

            channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();

        }finally {
            group.shutdownGracefully();
        }
    }
}

MyClientInitializer

public class MyClientInitializer extends ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel> {
    @Override
    protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {

        ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline();
        pipeline.addLast(new MyClientHandler());
    }
}

MyClientHandler

public class MyClientHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<ByteBuf> {

    private int count;
    @Override
    public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
        //使用客户端发送10条数据 hello,server 编号
        for(int i= 0; i< 10; ++i) {
            ByteBuf buffer = Unpooled.copiedBuffer("hello,server " + i, Charset.forName("utf-8"));
            ctx.writeAndFlush(buffer);
        }
    }

    @Override
    protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf msg) throws Exception {
        byte[] buffer = new byte[msg.readableBytes()];
        msg.readBytes(buffer);

        String message = new String(buffer, Charset.forName("utf-8"));
        System.out.println("客户端接收到消息=" + message);
        System.out.println("客户端接收消息数量=" + (++this.count));

    }

    @Override
    public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
        cause.printStackTrace();
        ctx.close();
    }
}

TCP 粘包和拆包解决方案

  • 使用自定义协议 + 编解码器 来解决
  • 关键就是要解决 服务器端每次读取数据长度的问题, 这个问题解决,就不会出现服务器多读或少读数据的问题,从而避免的TCP 粘包、拆包 。

实例

  • 要求客户端发送 5 个 Message 对象, 客户端每次发送一个 Message 对象
  • 服务器端每次接收一个Message, 分5次进行解码, 每读取到 一个Message , 会回复一个Message 对象 给客户端.

在这里插入图片描述
MessageProtocol

//协议包
public class MessageProtocol {
    private int len; //关键
    private byte[] content;

    public int getLen() {
        return len;
    }

    public void setLen(int len) {
        this.len = len;
    }

    public byte[] getContent() {
        return content;
    }

    public void setContent(byte[] content) {
        this.content = content;
    }
}

MyClient

public class MyClient {
    public static void main(String[] args)  throws  Exception{

        EventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();

        try {

            Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
            bootstrap.group(group).channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
                    .handler(new MyClientInitializer()); //自定义一个初始化类

            ChannelFuture channelFuture = bootstrap.connect("localhost", 7000).sync();

            channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();

        }finally {
            group.shutdownGracefully();
        }
    }
}

MyClientInitializer

public class MyClientInitializer extends ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel> {
    @Override
    protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {

        ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline();
        pipeline.addLast(new MyMessageEncoder()); //加入编码器
        pipeline.addLast(new MyMessageDecoder()); //加入解码器
        pipeline.addLast(new MyClientHandler());
    }
}

MyClientHandler

public class MyClientHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<MessageProtocol> {

    private int count;
    @Override
    public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
        //使用客户端发送10条数据 "今天天气冷,吃火锅" 编号

        for(int i = 0; i< 5; i++) {
            String mes = "今天天气冷,吃火锅";
            byte[] content = mes.getBytes(Charset.forName("utf-8"));
            int length = mes.getBytes(Charset.forName("utf-8")).length;

            //创建协议包对象
            MessageProtocol messageProtocol = new MessageProtocol();
            messageProtocol.setLen(length);
            messageProtocol.setContent(content);
            ctx.writeAndFlush(messageProtocol);

        }

    }

//    @Override
    protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, MessageProtocol msg) throws Exception {

        int len = msg.getLen();
        byte[] content = msg.getContent();

        System.out.println("客户端接收到消息如下");
        System.out.println("长度=" + len);
        System.out.println("内容=" + new String(content, Charset.forName("utf-8")));

        System.out.println("客户端接收消息数量=" + (++this.count));

    }

    @Override
    public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
        System.out.println("异常消息=" + cause.getMessage());
        ctx.close();
    }
}

MyMessageDecoder

public class MyMessageDecoder extends ReplayingDecoder<Void> {
    @Override
    protected void decode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf in, List<Object> out) throws Exception {
        System.out.println("MyMessageDecoder decode 被调用");
        //需要将得到二进制字节码-> MessageProtocol 数据包(对象)
        int length = in.readInt();

        byte[] content = new byte[length];
        in.readBytes(content);

        //封装成 MessageProtocol 对象,放入 out, 传递下一个handler业务处理
        MessageProtocol messageProtocol = new MessageProtocol();
        messageProtocol.setLen(length);
        messageProtocol.setContent(content);

        out.add(messageProtocol);

    }
}

MyMessageEncoder

public class MyMessageEncoder extends MessageToByteEncoder<MessageProtocol> {
    @Override
    protected void encode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, MessageProtocol msg, ByteBuf out) throws Exception {
        System.out.println("MyMessageEncoder encode 方法被调用");
        out.writeInt(msg.getLen());
        out.writeBytes(msg.getContent());
    }
}

MyServer

public class MyServer {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{

        EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(1);
        EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();

        try {

            ServerBootstrap serverBootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();
            serverBootstrap.group(bossGroup,workerGroup).channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class).childHandler(new MyServerInitializer()); //自定义一个初始化类


            ChannelFuture channelFuture = serverBootstrap.bind(7000).sync();
            channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();

        }finally {
            bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();
            workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
        }

    }
}

MyServerInitializer

public class MyServerInitializer extends ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel> {

    @Override
    protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
        ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline();

        pipeline.addLast(new MyMessageDecoder());//解码器
        pipeline.addLast(new MyMessageEncoder());//编码器
        pipeline.addLast(new MyServerHandler());
    }
}

MyServerHandler

//处理业务的handler
public class MyServerHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<MessageProtocol>{
    private int count;

    @Override
    public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
        //cause.printStackTrace();
        ctx.close();
    }

    @Override
    protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, MessageProtocol msg) throws Exception {

        //接收到数据,并处理
        int len = msg.getLen();
        byte[] content = msg.getContent();

        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("服务器接收到信息如下");
        System.out.println("长度=" + len);
        System.out.println("内容=" + new String(content, Charset.forName("utf-8")));

        System.out.println("服务器接收到消息包数量=" + (++this.count));

        //回复消息

        String responseContent = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
        int responseLen = responseContent.getBytes("utf-8").length;
        byte[]  responseContent2 = responseContent.getBytes("utf-8");
        //构建一个协议包
        MessageProtocol messageProtocol = new MessageProtocol();
        messageProtocol.setLen(responseLen);
        messageProtocol.setContent(responseContent2);

        ctx.writeAndFlush(messageProtocol);


    }
}

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