一.Servlet
1.Servlet简介
Servlet是用Java语言编写的运行在服务器端的程序,能够接收Web客户端的请求,并能对 Web客户端进行响应。
2.Servlet原理
继承体系图:
3.Servlet例子
3.1 简单例子
- 1.编写一个普通类
- 2.实现Servlet接口,这里我们直接继承HttpServlet
@WebServlet("/HelloServlet")
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
public HelloServlet() {
}
// get 和 post 只是用于请求实现的不同方式,可以相互调用,业务逻辑都一样
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
PrintWriter writer = response.getWriter();
writer.print("hello,selvert");
}
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(request, response);
}
}
3.2 应用例子
-
3.2.1 步骤:
1.获取页面请求参数
2.处理请求参数
3.处理结果 将数据打包
4.响应回指定页面 -
3.2.2 要注意的知识点:
1.跨域访问的设置
2.乱码问题的解决
3.用Jackson中jar包将java对象转换为json格式字符串格式返回给前端
@WebServlet("/test01")
public class Test01Servlet extends HttpServlet {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
public Test01Servlet() {
super();
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
//设置允许跨域访问,并且设置允许什么样的url进行跨域访问。
response.setHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*");
//解决乱码问题
//设置请求编码
request.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
//设置响应类型
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
//设置响应编码
response.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
//1.获取页面请求参数
String uname = request.getParameter("uname");
String upwd = request.getParameter("upwd");
System.out.println(uname + "---" + upwd);
//2.处理请求参数
if("admin".equals(uname)&&("123".equals(upwd))) {//表示登录成功
//3.处理结果 将数据打包
User user1 = new User(1,"张三",1);
User user2 = new User(2,"张三2",1);
User user3 = new User(3,"张三3",0);
ArrayList<User> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add(user1);
list.add(user2);
list.add(user3);
//使用Jackson中jar包中ObjectMapper 将 java对象 转换为 json数据
ObjectMapper om = new ObjectMapper();
//使用writeValueAsString方法将java对象转换为json格式字符串
String asString = om.writeValueAsString(list);
//4.响应回指定页面
//获取打印输出流
PrintWriter writer = response.getWriter();
//开始回写
writer.write(asString);
}else {//登录失败
//3.处理结果 将数据打包
//4.响应回指定页面
response.getWriter().write("no ok");
}
}
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(request, response);
}
}
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"
pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Insert title here</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="test01" method= "get">
<table>
<tr>
<td>用户名</td>
<td><input type="text" name="uname" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>密码</td>
<td><input type="password" name="upwd" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><input type="submit" value="登录" /></td>
</tr>
</table>
</form>
</body>
</html>
4.Servlet生命周期
- 实例化阶段:构造方法
- 初始化阶段:init方法
- .处理请求阶段:service方法(doGet/doPost)
- 销毁阶段:destory方法
5.Mapping问题
问: 为什么需要映射?
答:我们写的是JAVA程序,但是要通过浏览器访问,而浏览器需要连接web服务器,所以我们需要在web服务中注册我们写的Servlet,还需要给他一个浏览器能访问的地址。
- 一个servlet可以指定一个映射路径
<servlet>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.kuang.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
- 一个servlet可以指定多个映射路径
<servlet>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.kuang.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello1</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello2</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
- 一个servlet可以指定通用映射路径
<servlet>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.kuang.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
- 一个servlet可以设置默认请求路径
<servlet>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.kuang.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
- 可以自定义后缀实现请求映射
<servlet>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.kuang.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/*.do</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
- 404原理
<servlet>
<servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.kuang.ErrorServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
public class ErrorServlet extends HttpServlet {
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
response.setContentType("text/html");
response.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
PrintWriter writer = response.getWriter();
writer.print("<h1>页面找不到了</h1>");
}
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
}
}
- 优先级问题
指定了固有的映射路径优先级最高,如果找不到就会走默认的请求处理。
二.ServletContext对象(Servlet上下文)
1.ServletContext简介
web容器在启动的时候,它会为每一个web程序都创建一个对应的ServletContext对象,它代表了当前的web应用。
我在这个Servlet中保存的数据,可以在另外一个servlet中拿到。
2.应用
- 2.1共享数据
@WebServlet("/ServletContextSet")
public class ServletContextSet extends HttpServlet {
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
context.setAttribute("name", "王一迪");
}
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(request, response);
}
}
@WebServlet("/ServletContextGet")
public class ServletContextGet extends HttpServlet {
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String name = (String) context.getAttribute("name");
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
response.getWriter().print(name);
}
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(request, response);
}
}
- 2.2获取初始化参数
<context-param>
<param-name>url</param-name>
<param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mybatis</param-value>
</context-param>
@WebServlet("/ServletContextGetInit")
public class ServletContextGetInit extends HttpServlet {
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String url = context.getInitParameter("url");
response.getWriter().print(url);
}
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(request, response);
}
}
- 2.3请求转发(不常用)
请求转发后,访问路径不变
请求转发与重定向不同,重定向的访问路径发生改变
@WebServlet("/ServletContextGetRDF")
public class ServletContextGetRDF extends HttpServlet {
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
context.getRequestDispatcher("/ServletContextGetInit").forward(request, response);
}
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(request, response);
}
}
三.Response
web服务器接收到客户端的HTTP请求,针对这个请求,分别创建一个代表请求的HttpServletRequest对象,代表响应的HttpServletResponse对象;
如果要获取客户端请求过来的参数;找HttpServletRequest
如果要给客户端响应一些信息;找HttpServletResponse
3.1应用一:下载文件
@WebServlet("/down")
public class FileServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//1.要获取下载文件的路径
String realPath = "D:\\workspace\\stsworkspace\\javawebkuang\\src\\main\\resources\\王一迪.PNG";
//2.要下载的文件名
String fileName = realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\\")+1);
//3.设置想办法让浏览器指出下载我们需要的东西,
//中文文件名(URLEncoder.encode)编码,否则乱码
resp.setHeader("Content-Disposition", "attachment;filename="+URLEncoder.encode(fileName, "UTF-8"));
//4,获取去下载文件的输入流
FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(realPath);
//5.创建缓冲区
int len = 0;
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
//6.获取OutPutStream对象
ServletOutputStream out = resp.getOutputStream();
//7.将FileOutStream流写入到buffer缓冲区,使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端
while((len=in.read(buffer))>0) {
out.write(buffer,0,len);
}
in.close();
out.close();
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
}
}
3.2应用二:刷新验证码
@WebServlet("/image")
public class ImageServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//如何让浏览器3秒刷新一次
resp.setHeader("refresh", "3");
//在内存中创建一个图片
BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(100,50,BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
//得到图片
Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D) image.getGraphics();//笔
//设置图片的背景颜色
g.setColor(Color.white);
g.fillRect(0, 0, 100, 50);
//给图片写数据
g.setColor(Color.BLUE);
g.setFont(new Font(null,Font.BOLD,20));
g.drawString(makeNum(),0,30);
//告诉浏览器,这个请求用图片的方式打开
resp.setContentType("image/jpeg");
//网页存在缓存,不让浏览器缓存
resp.setDateHeader("expires", -1);
resp.setHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache");
resp.setHeader("Pragma", "no-cache");
ImageIO.write(image, "jpg", resp.getOutputStream());
}
//生成随机数
private String makeNum() {
Random random = new Random();
String num = random.nextInt(9999999)+"";
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
for(int i = 0;i<7-num.length();i++) {
sb.append("0");
}
String s = sb.toString() + num;
return s;
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
}
}
3.3应用三:重定向!
- 重定向与请求转发的区别
1.请求转发的时候,url不会产生变化 ;状态码:307
2.重定向的时候,url地址栏会发生变化 ;状态码:302
@WebServlet(name = "Test01Servlet", urlPatterns = "/test01")
public class RedirctTestTServlet extends HttpServlet {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
public RedirctTestTServlet() {
super();
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
// 获取页面请求参数
// form表单name值
String uname = request.getParameter("uname");
String upwd = request.getParameter("upwd");
System.out.println(uname + "----" + upwd);
//重定向成功!
response.sendRedirect("/Test/success.jsp");
}
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(request, response);
}
}
四.Request
获取参数,请求转发
@WebServlet("/RequestTestTServlet")
public class RequestTestTServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
resp.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
req.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
String name = req.getParameter("uname");
String pwd = req.getParameter("upwd");
String[] hobbys = req.getParameterValues("hobbys");
System.out.println(name + "---" + pwd);
String s = Arrays.toString(hobbys);
System.out.println(s);
// 通过请求转发
req.getRequestDispatcher("success.jsp").forward(req, resp);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}