docker

容器技术

镜像编排

Dockerfile 详解

指令说明
FROM指定基础镜像(唯一)
RUN在容器内执行命令,可以写多条
ADD把文件拷贝的容器内,如果文件是 tar.xx 格式,会自动解压
COPY把文件拷贝的容器内,不会自动解压
ENV设置启动容器的环境变量
WORKDIR设置启动容器的默认工作目录(唯一)
CMD容器默认的启动参数(唯一)
ENTRYPOINT容器默认的启动命令(唯一)
USER启动容器使用的用户(唯一)
EXPOSE使用镜像创建的容器默认监听使用的端口号/协议
语法案例(1)
 

 
# 编写 Dockerfile
[root@docker ~]# mkdir myimg
[root@docker ~]# vim myimg/Dockerfile 
FROM mylinux:latest
CMD  ["/bin/ls", "-l"]
# 创建镜像
[root@docker ~]# docker build -t img1:latest myimg
......
Successfully tagged img1:latest
[root@docker ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
img1         latest    9278f72f8cb1   5 seconds ago   249MB
mylinux      latest    e3b3d26bf0da   21 hours ago    249MB
rockylinux   8.5       210996f98b85   13 months ago   205MB
# 创建容器
[root@docker ~]# docker run -it --rm img1:latest
total 48
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root root    7 Oct 11  2021 bin -> usr/bin
drwxr-xr-x   5 root root  360 Feb  5 04:21 dev
drwxr-xr-x   1 root root 4096 Feb  5 04:21 etc
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 4096 Oct 11  2021 home
......
# 传递参数命令,覆盖 CMD 执行
[root@docker ~]# docker run -it --rm img1:latest id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)
语法案例(2)
 

 
# ENTRYPOINT 与 CMD 执行方式为 ${ENTRYPOINT} ${CMD}
[root@docker ~]# vim myimg/Dockerfile 
FROM mylinux:latest
ENTRYPOINT ["echo"]
CMD  ["/bin/ls", "-l"]
# 创建镜像
[root@docker ~]# docker build -t img2:latest myimg
......
Successfully tagged img2:latest
 
# CMD 做为参数传递,在容器内执行了 echo '/bin/ls -l'
[root@docker ~]# docker run -it --rm img2:latest 
/bin/ls -l
 
# CMD 被替换,在容器内执行了 echo id
[root@docker ~]# docker run -it --rm img2:latest id
id
语法案例(3)
 

 
# 制作测试文件
[root@docker ~]# tar -cf myimg/myfile.tar -C /etc hosts issue
# 编辑Dockerfile
[root@docker ~]# vim myimg/Dockerfile 
FROM mylinux:latest
COPY myfile.tar /var/tmp/
ADD  myfile.tar /tmp/
RUN  id && touch /tmp/file1
USER nobody
RUN  id && touch /tmp/file2
ENV  mymsg="Hello World"
WORKDIR /tmp
CMD  ["/bin/bash"]
 
# 创建镜像
[root@docker ~]# docker build -t img3:latest myimg
......
Successfully built eb8b669cbe7c
Successfully tagged img3:latest
 
# 运行测试
[root@docker ~]# docker run -it --rm img3:latest
# 使用 COPY 进来的文件还是 tar 包
bash-4.4$ tree /var/tmp
/var/tmp
`-- myfile.tar
# 使用 ADD 添加的文件已经被解压了
bash-4.4$ tree /tmp
/tmp
|-- hosts
`-- issue
 
# USER 指令设置使用 nobody 用户运行容器
bash-4.4$ id
uid=65534(nobody) gid=65534(nobody) groups=65534(nobody)
# USER 指令前创建的文件是 root 权限,之后是 USER 用户权限
bash-4.4$ ls -l /tmp/file? 
-rw-r--r-- 1 root   root   0 Feb  5 05:25 /tmp/file1
-rw-r--r-- 1 nobody nobody 0 Feb  5 05:25 /tmp/file2
 
# 环境变量可以直接调用
bash-4.4$ echo ${mymsg}  
Hello World
# WORKDIR 把工作目录设置到 /tmp
bash-4.4$ pwd
/tmp

apache 镜像

  • 拷贝php测试文件到 /root/ 目录下
    rsync -av public/info.php 192.168.1.32:/root/
准备配置文件
 

 
[root@docker ~]# mkdir httpd
# 设置测试页面
[root@docker ~]# echo 'Welcome to The Apache.' >httpd/index.html
[root@docker ~]# cp -a info.php httpd/
[root@docker ~]# tar czf httpd/myweb.tar.gz -C httpd index.html info.php
# 获取配置文件
[root@docker ~]# docker run -itd --name myweb mylinux:latest
[root@docker ~]# docker exec -it myweb dnf install -y httpd
[root@docker ~]# docker cp myweb:/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-mpm.conf httpd/
[root@docker ~]# docker rm -f myweb
# 修改配置文件
[root@docker ~]# sed -ri -e 's,^Load.*,#&,' -e 's,^#(.*mod_mpm_prefork.so)$,\1,' httpd/00-mpm.conf
制作镜像
 

 
# 编写 dockerfile 文件
[root@docker ~]# vim httpd/Dockerfile
FROM mylinux:latest
RUN  dnf install -y httpd php && dnf clean all
ADD  myweb.tar.gz /var/www/html/
COPY 00-mpm.conf /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/
ENV  LANG=C
WORKDIR /var/www/html/
EXPOSE 80/tcp
CMD  ["/usr/sbin/httpd", "-DFOREGROUND"]
 
[root@docker ~]# docker build -t httpd:latest httpd
......
Successfully tagged httpd:latest
验证镜像
 

 
# 查看镜像并创建容器
[root@docker ~]# docker images httpd:latest
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED              SIZE
httpd        latest    c1e854cde1f4   About a minute ago   299MB
[root@docker ~]# docker run -itd --name myweb httpd:latest
cc2b82ad0367172c344c7207def94c4c438027c60859e94883e440b53a860a93
 
# 查看容器地址并访问验证
[root@docker ~]# docker inspect myweb |grep -i IPAddress
[root@docker ~]# curl http://172.17.0.2/info.php
<pre>
Array
(
    [REMOTE_ADDR] => 172.17.0.1
    [REQUEST_METHOD] => GET
    [HTTP_USER_AGENT] => curl/7.61.1
    [REQUEST_URI] => /info.php
)
php_host:   2fbc8c132f7f
1229
[root@docker ~]# docker rm -f myweb

nginx 镜像

  • 拷贝 public/nginx-1.22.1.tar.gz 到 docker 主机
    rsync -av public/nginx-1.22.1.tar.gz 192.168.1.32:./
编译软件包
 

 
# 安装编译工具和依赖软件包
[root@docker ~]# dnf install -y openssl-devel pcre-devel gcc make 
# 编译安装
[root@docker ~]# tar zxf nginx-1.22.1.tar.gz 
[root@docker ~]# cd nginx-1.22.1/
[root@docker nginx-1.22.1]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-pcre --with-http_ssl_module
[root@docker nginx-1.22.1]# make && make install
# 设置默认首页
[root@docker nginx-1.22.1]# echo 'Nginx is running !' >/usr/local/nginx/html/index.html
制作镜像
 

 
[root@docker ~]# mkdir nginx
# 将编译好的 nginx 打包,这里必须使用相对路径
[root@docker ~]# tar czf nginx/nginx.tar.gz -C /usr/local nginx
[root@docker ~]# vim nginx/Dockerfile 
FROM mylinux:latest
RUN  dnf install -y pcre openssl && dnf clean all
ADD  nginx.tar.gz /usr/local/
ENV  PATH=${PATH}:/usr/local/nginx/sbin
WORKDIR /usr/local/nginx/html
EXPOSE 80/tcp
CMD  ["nginx", "-g", "daemon off;"]
 
[root@docker ~]# docker build -t nginx:latest nginx
Successfully tagged nginx:latest
验证镜像
 

 
# 查看镜像并创建容器
[root@docker ~]# docker images nginx:latest
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
nginx        latest    645dd2d9a8ec   3 minutes ago   274MB
[root@docker ~]# docker run -itd --name myweb nginx:latest
e440b53a860a93cc2b82ad0367172c344c7207def94c4c438027c60859e94883
 
# 查看容器地址并访问验证
[root@docker ~]# docker inspect myweb |grep -i IPAddress
[root@docker ~]# curl http://172.17.0.2/
Nginx is running !
 
# 查看 nginx 服务的用户
[root@docker ~]# docker exec -it myweb ps -ef
UID          PID    PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
root           1       0  0 15:48 pts/0    00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx
nobody         7       1  0 15:48 pts/0    00:00:00 nginx: worker process
root          32       0  0 15:49 pts/1    00:00:00 ps -ef
 
[root@docker ~]# docker rm -f myweb
多阶段镜像
 

 
[root@docker ~]# ls nginx
nginx/nginx.tar.gz
[root@docker nginx]# vim nginx/Dockerfile
# 第一阶段编译程序
FROM mylinux:latest as builder
ADD  nginx-1.22.1.tar.gz /
WORKDIR /nginx-1.22.1
RUN  dnf install -y openssl-devel pcre-devel gcc make
RUN  ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-pcre --with-http_ssl_module
RUN  make && make install
RUN  echo 'Nginx is running !' >/usr/local/nginx/html/index.html
 
# 第二阶段最终镜像
FROM mylinux:latest
RUN  dnf install -y pcre openssl && dnf clean all
COPY --from=builder /usr/local/nginx /usr/local/nginx
ENV  PATH=${PATH}:/usr/local/nginx/sbin
WORKDIR /usr/local/nginx/html
EXPOSE 80/tcp
CMD  ["nginx", "-g", "daemon off;"]
 
[root@docker ~]# docker build -t nginx:v1 nginx

php-fpm 镜像

手工部署
 

 
[root@docker ~]# docker run -it --name myphp mylinux:latest
[root@cbcf3d90c02e /]# dnf install -y php-fpm
# 修改配置文件
[root@cbcf3d90c02e /]# vim /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf
38:  listen = 127.0.0.1:9000
# 创建目录,并授权
[root@cbcf3d90c02e /]# mkdir /run/php-fpm
[root@cbcf3d90c02e /]# chown -R nobody.nobody /var/log/php-fpm /run/php-fpm
# 使用 sudo 且换用户
[root@cbcf3d90c02e /]# dnf install -y sudo
[root@cbcf3d90c02e /]# sudo -u nobody /bin/bash
# 使用 nobody 启动服务
bash-4.4$ /usr/sbin/php-fpm --nodaemonize
[04-Sep-2023 09:58:01] NOTICE: [pool www] 'user' directive is ignored when FPM is not running as root
[04-Sep-2023 09:58:01] NOTICE: [pool www] 'group' directive is ignored when FPM is not running as root
[04-Sep-2023 09:58:01] NOTICE: fpm is running, pid 1
[04-Sep-2023 09:58:01] NOTICE: ready to handle connections
[04-Sep-2023 09:58:01] NOTICE: systemd monitor interval set to 10000ms
制作镜像
 

 
# 编写 dockerfile 文件
[root@docker ~]# vim php/Dockerfile
FROM mylinux:latest
RUN  dnf install -y php-fpm && dnf clean all && \
     mkdir -p /run/php-fpm && \
     chown -R nobody.nobody /run/php-fpm /var/log/php-fpm
COPY www.conf /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf
USER nobody
EXPOSE 9000/tcp
CMD ["/usr/sbin/php-fpm", "--nodaemonize"]
 
[root@docker ~]# docker build -t php-fpm:latest php
Successfully tagged php-fpm:latest
验证镜像
 

 
# 查看镜像并创建容器
[root@docker ~]# docker images php-fpm:latest
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED          SIZE
php-fpm      latest    b2404bd119b0   48 seconds ago   275MB
[root@docker ~]# docker run -itd --name myphp php-fpm:latest
6eeff6af4a6469c298944b2bdd2ba69f32ebcbc6cb683a0a05af4eefbf90e8c1
 
# 验证服务
[root@docker ~]# docker exec -it myphp /bin/bash
# 验证用户
bash-4.4$ id
uid=65534(nobody) gid=65534(nobody) groups=65534(nobody)
# 我们无法直接调用 php 服务,可以通过查看进程验证服务
bash-4.4$ ps -ef
UID          PID    PPID  C  STIME  CMD
nobody         1       0  0  16:13  php-fpm: master process (/etc/php-fpm.conf)
nobody         7       1  0  16:13  php-fpm: pool www
nobody         8       1  0  16:13  php-fpm: pool www
nobody        17       0  0  16:13  /bin/bash
nobody        19      17  0  16:13  ps -ef
bash-4.4$ exit
 
[root@docker ~]# docker rm -f myphp

docker 私有仓库

主机清单

主机名ip地址最低配置
registry192.168.1.352CPU,4G内存

registry 安装

 

 
# 在 registry 上安装私有仓库
[root@registry ~]# dnf install -y docker-distribution
# 启动私有仓库,并设置开机自启动
[root@registry ~]# systemctl enable --now docker-distribution

客户端配置

  • 所有 node 节点都需要配置
 

 
[root@docker ~]# vim /etc/hosts
192.168.1.35    registry
# 修改配置文件
[root@docker ~]# vim /etc/docker/daemon.json
{
    "registry-mirrors": ["http://registry:5000"],
    "insecure-registries":["registry:5000"]
}
# 重启服务生效
[root@docker ~]# systemctl restart docker
上传镜像
 

 
# 给 nginx 镜像设置标签
[root@docker ~]# docker tag  nginx:latest registry:5000/img/myimg:web
# 上传 nginx 镜像
[root@docker ~]# docker push registry:5000/img/myimg:web
The push refers to repository [registry:5000/img/myimg]
c9d01852a13b: Pushed 
......
web: digest: sha256:3e1fc9ad1ee46ee4619c95dc9d71034d919e53abfc size: 952
 
# 上传 php-fpm 镜像
[root@docker ~]# docker tag  php-fpm:latest registry:5000/img/myimg:php-fpm
[root@docker ~]# docker push registry:5000/img/myimg:php-fpm
The push refers to repository [registry:5000/img/myimg]
619c95dc93e1: Pushed 
......
php-fpm: digest: sha256:619c95dc93e1fc9ad1ee46ee4d71034d919e53abfc size: 875
 
# 上传 httpd 镜像 
[root@docker ~]# docker tag  httpd:latest registry:5000/library/httpd:latest
[root@docker ~]# docker push registry:5000/library/httpd:latest
The push refers to repository [registry:5000/library/httpd]
95dc9d71034d: Pushed
......
latest: digest: sha256:95dc9d71034d919e53abfc3e1fc9ad1ee46ee4619c size: 968
验证测试

查看镜像名称: curl http://仓库IP:5000/v2/_catalog
查看镜像标签: curl http://仓库IP:5000/v2/镜像路径/tags/list
使用易读格式: python3 -m json.tool

 

 
# 查看仓库中所有镜像的名称
[root@docker ~]# curl http://registry:5000/v2/_catalog
{"repositories":["img/myimg", "library/httpd"]}
 
# 查看某一镜像的所有标签
[root@docker ~]# curl http://registry:5000/v2/img/myimg/tags/list
{"name":"img/myimg","tags":["web", "php-fpm"]}
 
# 易读格式查看镜像名称
[root@docker ~]# curl -s http://registry:5000/v2/_catalog |python3 -m json.tool
{
    "repositories": [
        "img/myimg",
        "library/httpd"
    ]
}
 
# 易读格式查看镜像标签
[root@docker ~]# curl -s http://registry:5000/v2/img/myimg/tags/list |python3 -m json.tool
{
    "name": "img/myimg",
    "tags": [
        "php-fpm",
        "web"
    ]
}
创建容器
 

# 删除所有容器
[root@docker ~]# docker rm -f $(docker ps -aq)
......
 
# 删除所有镜像
[root@docker ~]# docker rmi $(docker images -q)
......
 
# 使用仓库中的镜像运行容器
[root@docker ~]# docker run -itd --rm registry:5000/img/myimg:web
2b7cd6d88a7665dbea0a4b3d99478e9f302c0a5661d7676d6d3bd3cb6d181
 
# library 是默认路径,可以省略路径地址
[root@docker ~]# docker run -itd --rm httpd:latest
634766f788d665dbea0a4b39709e0a2cc8624fd99478e9f302c0a5661d767
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