文献笔记｜Lau, 2021, Nature human behaviour

题目： Shared striatal activity in decisions to satisfy curiosity and hunger at the risk of electric shocks

分析题目

包括的自变量两个：satisfy 1）curiosity， 好奇心；2） hunger，饥饿
条件一个：electric shocks，潜在的电击情境下
因变量一个：1）striatal activity，纹状体脑区激活，是一篇核磁文献
还有一个词Shared，共享，大概看一下文献再回来能明白，饥饿和好奇心在给定条件下引起的脑激活机制相同。

摘要

1 实验目的

首先声明好奇心的作用和重要性。好奇带来的动力对人的行为产生影响。

Curiosity is often portrayed as a desirable feature of human faculty.

2 实验方法

行为+核磁组合实验，探究好奇心的激励作用还有相应的神经机制。研究这个问题时，实验设置中较为重要的部分就是诱发个体产生好奇心，文中采用给被试看小魔术等形式诱发。

Here, using a set of behavioural and neuroimaging experiments with stimuli that strongly trigger curiosity (for example, magic tricks), we examine the psychological and neural mechanisms underlying the motivational effect of curiosity.

3 结论

1. 即使选择满足好奇心有一定概率被电击（代价），且可能没有什么指导性价值（仅仅是揭秘小魔术），个体也会选择满足好奇心。
2. 满足好奇心和满足食欲的神经机制类似
   a. 诱发：当好奇心或者食欲被诱发的时候，好奇心驱动和incentive-driven（如食物驱动）的行为都会增加腹侧纹状体的激活。
   b. 决策（动作）：当个体在欲望激活之后，做选择（即看不看揭秘，选择揭秘有概率会被电击），的这一行为引起的脑激活扩展到背侧纹状体。

1. We consistently demonstrate that across different samples, people are indeed willing to gamble, subjecting themselves to electric shocks to satisfy their curiosity for trivial knowledge that carries no apparent instrumental value.
2. Also, this influence of curiosity shares common neural mechanisms with that of hunger for food.
   a) In particular, we show that acceptance (compared to rejection) of curiosity-driven or incentive-driven gambles is accompanied by enhanced activity in the ventral striatum when curiosity or hunger was elicited, b) which extends into the dorsal striatum when participants made a decision.

方法

1. 激活阶段一：呈现过小魔术或食物刺激之后会让被试对刺激进行评级，作为主观欲望（desirability，作为好奇心和食欲的激活量化程度）
2. 决策阶段二：给被试呈现是否选择赌不赌，赌赢了揭秘小魔术或实验结束后可以吃到食物，赌输了实验结束后需要接受电击（最后都会告知被试经过计算全部实验试次后，不用接受电击）
   
   ⬆️实验的具体设置清楚之后，再回头增加的变量
   包括的自变量两个： 1）curiosity， 好奇心；2） hunger，饥饿；3）赌盘的概率分布
   因变量增加：1）striatal activity；2） desirability rating，刺激激活评级；3）赌不赌，决策接受还是拒绝

行为结果

主要包含行为结果
Fig2.a 个体接受赌盘的概率随着赌盘中电击概率的增加而增加，且食物驱动和好奇心驱动的行为模式在此无显著差异。
Fig2.b 个体在两种条件设置下，接受和拒绝赌盘时，关于刺激激活程度（desirability）的评级分布，可以看到通常愿意赌一把，满足好奇心或食欲的条件下，往往对刺激诱发的程度评定更高（引起的好奇心高或引起的食欲高）

核磁结果

核磁主要分析两个阶段，这里分析所用的阶段有所不同。

1. 因为行为实验对刺激诱发的程度有主观评定分数，分析时用的是a）主观评级和b）决策阶段（见FIg.1）。
2. 而分析核磁时，诱发其实早在刺激呈现时便已经产生，所以这里分析的两阶段是刺激呈现，又称诱发阶段（Elicitation）和决策阶段（见Fig3.a）。

具体结果：

1. 诱发阶段（accept versus reject）：食物驱动和好奇心驱动引发的脑激活脑区相同，均为腹侧纹状体，NAcc；
2. 决策阶段（accept versus reject）：食物驱动和好奇心驱动引发的脑激活脑区相同，均为腹侧纹状体，且扩展至背侧纹状体，还有VTA/SN。

At the decision phase, a main decision contrast (that is, accept versus reject) on our anatomical ROIs revealed that the bilateral caudate nucleus, the NAcc and the VTA/SN all showed greater activities for the accepted trials in comparison to the rejected trials (PFWE < 0.0167 for each ROI analysis; Fig. 3b).

3. 拒绝试次下的脑激活结果：兴趣区没有被显著激活的脑区，探索性分析有相关脑区激活。

It was also interesting to observe that while rejected gambles (when compared with accepted ones; that is, reject > accept decision contrast) did not yield any enhanced responses in the ROIs, an exploratory whole-brain analysis revealed greater activations in the insula and the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex encompassing the anterior cingulate cortex (PFWE < 0.05 for whole-brain analysis) an area previously implicated in value computation and decision conflict.

脑区全称：
- the ventral striatum (the nucleus accumbens (NAcc))
- the dorsal striatum (the caudate)
- the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra (VTA/ SN）

注：作者在进行行为核磁实验前，有单独的行为实验，所以其实这里对两个行为都有分析，略过。
实验一：行为1
实验二：行为2+核磁扫描。（行为1，2范式相同）

主要结论

(1) both curiosity for inconsequential knowledge (magic tricks or trivia questions) and hunger for food prompted participants to subject themselves to physical risks (that is, electric shocks)
(2) this motivated decision-making was supported by the striatal reward areas.
- Specifically, activation in the ventral striatum in response to curiosity- and hunger-evoking stimuli predicted the decision to accept the risky option through the activation of the dorsal striatum during the decision phase.
- These results are consistent with the notion that incentive salience plays a role in impulsive behaviours caused by curiosity in a similar manner to that of extrinsic incentives (such as food).

参考文献
[1] Lau J K L, Ozono H, Kuratomi K等. Shared striatal activity in decisions to satisfy curiosity and hunger at the risk of electric shocks[J]. Nature Human Behaviour, 2020, 4(5): 531–543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0848-3. DOI:10.1038/s41562-020-0848-3.