编译原理: 最小化 DFA(划分) & 验证 DFA(Kleene 闭包)

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分类专栏： others 文章标签：状态机算法 compiler dfa

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编译原理: 最小化 DFA(划分) & 验证 DFA(Kleene 闭包)

文章目录

编译原理: 最小化 DFA(划分) & 验证 DFA(Kleene 闭包)
- 简介
- 参考
正文
结语

简介

上一篇（第二部）：编译原理: Subset Construction 子集构造法(幂集构造)(NFA转DFA)
上上一篇（第一部）：编译原理: Thompson 构造法（正则表达式转 NFA）

作为正则表达式转 DFA 三部曲的最后一部，本篇将解说四个步骤：

Thompson 构造法：正则表达式 RegExp -> 不确定有限状态机 NFA
子集构造法：不确定有限状态机 NFA -> 确定有限状态机 DFA
最小化：最小化确定有限状态机 DFA
验证：DFA 转换为的等价正则表达式并验证等价

中的最后两步：最小化和验证

参考

编译原理-DFA与正规式的转化

https://www.cnblogs.com/mznsndy/p/10742827.html

正文

示例回顾

我们在前两部使用了两个例子作为范例，完成了从正则表达式 -> NFA -> DFA 的转换，最终结果是一张 DFA 图：

示例1: $a(b|c)^{*}$

示例2: $a|b)^{*}abb$

然而这样构建出来的 DFA 其实还存在相当大的冗余部分，接下来我们就要透过Kleene 闭包来最小化 DFA，同时验证简化后的 DFA 和原来的正则表达式是等价的。

最小化 DFA(划分)

怎么划分？

直接上伪代码

Min-DFA(Dtran)
    let U = {S\F, F} # 初始的等价类有两个组，分别是非终止状态和终止状态
    for (G in U) { # 对等价类中每个组做划分
        while (G can be divided) {
            g1, g2, g3, ... = divide(G)
            remove G from U
            add g1, g2, g3, ... into U
        }
    }

首先将上面的 DFA 分为非终止状态和终止状态两组，然后对每一组进行检查是否能够再做划分，若可则对划分后的组再划分，直到不可再划分
最后根据划分后的组重建 Dtran 表并重绘 DFA 图

这边需要说明一下不可划分的概念：

若对于组内所有状态，对于所有输入都有相同的输出状态，则称该组不可再被划分。

其实简单的看就是当 Dtran 右侧的转移函数的行相同时就可以被分为一组

最小化示例

示例1: $a(b|c)^{*}$

首先根据是否为终止状态(是否包含 a10)划分为两组： $U = \{\{A\},\{B,C,D\}\}$

接下来我们发现对于组 ${B,C,D}$ 中的每一个状态，对于同一个输入都有同样的输出状态（ $D t r a n [X, b] = C, D t r a n [X, c] = D$ ），则组 ${B,C,D}$ 不可再被划分了，因此最终划分便是 $U = \{\{A\},\{B,C,D\}\}$

我们使用 $B^{'}$ 来取代原来 $B, C, D$ 的位置并重建 $D t r a n$ 跟 $D F A$

示例2: $a|b)^{*}abb$

初始划分为 $U = \{\{A,B,C,D\},\{E\}\}$ ，然后我们发现只有 $A, C$ 的转换函数结果完全相同（ $D t r a n [A ∣ C, a] = B, D t r a n [A ∣ C, b] = C$ ），则我们使用 $A^{'}$ 来取代 $A, C$ ，最终划分为 $U = \{A^{'}: \{A,C\},\{B\},\{D\},\{E\}\}$ ，新的 $D t r a n$ 跟 $D F A$ 如下

验证 DFA

接下来我们要验证我们最小化后的 DFA 与原来的正则表达式是等价的，我们将使用 Kleene 闭包来完成这个动作

Kleene 闭包定义 $R_{ij}^{k}$

符号定义： $R_{ij}^{k}$ 、 $\oslash$ 、 $\epsilon$
1. $R_{ij}^{k}$ 表示 Kleene 闭包
  
  我们将 DFA 中所有节点依序编号为为 $\sim n - 1$
  
  $R_{ij}^{k}$ 则表示从节点 $i$ 到节点 $j$ 途中经过小于等于编号为 $k$ 的中间节点可达的所有路径
2. $\oslash$ 表示路径不可达
  对于路径不可达的并（ $∣$ 和）连接（ $\cap$ ）操作有以下结果：
  - 并： $\oslash | a = a$
  - 连接： $\oslash a = \oslash$
  注意：不可达 $\oslash$ 与空串 $\epsilon$ 不同
  - $\epsilon | a = a$
  - $\epsilon a = a$
3. $\epsilon$ 表示空路径，即状态不发生变化的边（回到同一状态）
Kleene 初始化 $k = - 1$

而接下来我们介绍 Kleene 闭包的初始化状态

$R_{ij}^{-1}$ 表示从节点 $i$ 到节点 $j$ 不经过任意节点的所有路径

以下为初始化状态的示例

$R_{ij}^{-1} = a|b|c$

$R_{ij}^{-1} = \oslash$

$R_{ii}^{-1} = a|\epsilon$

$R_{ii}^{-1} = \epsilon$

我们可以看到当出节点和入节点相同时（ $i = j$ ），路径中必然存在一个 $\epsilon$
Kleene 递归步

$k = - 1$ 时表示不经过任何中间节点，接下来我们就慢慢的让中间节点的编号限制（ $k$ ）慢慢向上累加，核心公式如下：

$R_{ij}^{k} = R_{ik}^{k-1}(R_{kk}^{k-1})^{\ast}R_{kj}^{k-1}|R_{ij}^{k-1}$

这个转换式的意思就是新的经过 $k$ 以下的中间节点的结果就是旧的路径经过 $k - 1$ 的中间节点与原路径的并，如下图所示

有了 Kleene 闭包，我们就可以来找 $s$ （起始节点）到 $t$ 终止节点

重建 RE 并验证等价

接下来所谓的重建其实就是透过 Kleene 闭包来重建正则表达式，也就是说我们要找的目标就是 $R_{ij}^{k}, i=s0, j=f, k=S$ ，我们透过不断增加 $k$ 值来找到我们的最终结果，接下来直接使用示例来解说吧（在此我们先将示例的状态重新编号）

示例1: $a(b|c)^{*}$

初始化状态： $k = - 1$

$R_{00}^{-1} = \epsilon$
$R_{01}^{-1} = a$
$R_{10}^{-1} = \oslash$
$R_{11}^{-1} = b|c|\epsilon$
$k = 0$

$R_{00}^{0} = R_{00}^{-1} (R_{00}^{-1})^{\ast} R_{00}^{-1} | R_{00}^{-1} = \epsilon (\epsilon)^{\ast} \epsilon = \epsilon$
$R_{01}^{0} = R_{00}^{-1} (R_{00}^{-1})^{\ast} R_{01}^{-1} | R_{01}^{-1} = \epsilon (\epsilon)^{\ast} a = a$
$R_{10}^{0} = R_{10}^{-1} (R_{00}^{-1})^{\ast} R_{00}^{-1} | R_{10}^{-1} = \oslash (\epsilon)^{\ast} \oslash = \oslash$
$R_{11}^{0} = R_{10}^{-1} (R_{00}^{-1})^{\ast} R_{01}^{-1} | R_{11}^{-1} = \oslash (\epsilon)^{\ast} (b|c|\epsilon) = b|c|\epsilon$
$k = 1$

$R_{00}^{1} = R_{01}^{0} (R_{11}^{0})^{\ast} R_{00}^{0} | R_{10}^{0} = a (b|c|\epsilon)^{\ast} \oslash|\epsilon = \epsilon$
$R_{01}^{1} = R_{01}^{0} (R_{11}^{0})^{\ast} R_{01}^{0} | R_{11}^{0} = a (b|c|\epsilon)^{\ast} (b|c|\epsilon)|a = a(b|c)^{\ast}$
$R_{10}^{1} = R_{11}^{0} (R_{11}^{0})^{\ast} R_{00}^{0} | R_{10}^{0} = (b|c|\epsilon) (b|c|\epsilon)^{\ast} \oslash|\oslash = \oslash$
$R_{11}^{1} = R_{11}^{0} (R_{11}^{0})^{\ast} R_{01}^{0} | R_{11}^{0} = (b|c|\epsilon) (b|c|\epsilon)^{\ast} (b|c|\epsilon)|(b|c|\epsilon) = (b|c)^{\ast}$

最后我们使用 Kleene 闭包重建出来的正则表达式 $R_{01}^{1} = a(b|c)^{\ast}$ 与原表达式相同，证明新的 DFA 与原正则表达式为等价。

示例2: $a|b)^{*}abb$

初始化状态： $k = - 1$

$R_{00}^{-1} = b|\epsilon$
$R_{01}^{-1} = a$
$R_{02}^{-1} = \oslash$
$R_{03}^{-1} = \oslash$
$R_{10}^{-1} = \oslash$
$R_{11}^{-1} = a|\epsilon$
$R_{12}^{-1} = b$
$R_{13}^{-1} = \oslash$
$R_{20}^{-1} = \oslash$
$R_{21}^{-1} = a$
$R_{22}^{-1} = \epsilon$
$R_{23}^{-1} = b$
$R_{30}^{-1} = b$
$R_{31}^{-1} = a$
$R_{32}^{-1} = \oslash$
$R_{33}^{-1} = \epsilon$
$k = 0$

$R_{00}^{0} = R_{00}^{-1} (R_{00}^{-1})^{\ast} R_{00}^{-1} | R_{00}^{-1} = (b|\epsilon) (b|\epsilon)^{\ast} (b|\epsilon) | (b|\epsilon) = b^{\ast}$
$R_{01}^{0} = R_{00}^{-1} (R_{00}^{-1})^{\ast} R_{01}^{-1} | R_{01}^{-1} = (b|\epsilon) (b|\epsilon)^{\ast} a | a = b^{\ast}a$
$R_{02}^{0} = R_{00}^{-1} (R_{00}^{-1})^{\ast} R_{02}^{-1} | R_{02}^{-1} = (b|\epsilon) (b|\epsilon)^{\ast} \oslash | \oslash = \oslash$
$R_{03}^{0} = R_{00}^{-1} (R_{00}^{-1})^{\ast} R_{03}^{-1} | R_{03}^{-1} = (b|\epsilon) (b|\epsilon)^{\ast} \oslash | \oslash = \oslash$
$R_{10}^{0} = R_{10}^{-1} (R_{00}^{-1})^{\ast} R_{00}^{-1} | R_{10}^{-1} = \oslash (b|\epsilon)^{\ast} (b|\epsilon) | \oslash = \oslash$
$R_{11}^{0} = R_{10}^{-1} (R_{00}^{-1})^{\ast} R_{01}^{-1} | R_{11}^{-1} = \oslash (b|\epsilon)^{\ast} a | (a|\epsilon) = a|\epsilon$
$R_{12}^{0} = R_{10}^{-1} (R_{00}^{-1})^{\ast} R_{02}^{-1} | R_{12}^{-1} = \oslash (b|\epsilon)^{\ast} \oslash | b = b$
$R_{13}^{0} = R_{10}^{-1} (R_{00}^{-1})^{\ast} R_{03}^{-1} | R_{13}^{-1} = \oslash (b|\epsilon)^{\ast} \oslash | \oslash = \oslash$
$R_{20}^{0} = R_{20}^{-1} (R_{00}^{-1})^{\ast} R_{00}^{-1} | R_{20}^{-1} = \oslash (b|\epsilon)^{\ast} (b|\epsilon) | \oslash = \oslash$
$R_{21}^{0} = R_{20}^{-1} (R_{00}^{-1})^{\ast} R_{01}^{-1} | R_{21}^{-1} = \oslash (b|\epsilon)^{\ast} a | a = a$
$R_{22}^{0} = R_{20}^{-1} (R_{00}^{-1})^{\ast} R_{02}^{-1} | R_{22}^{-1} = \oslash (b|\epsilon)^{\ast} \oslash | \epsilon = \epsilon$
$R_{23}^{0} = R_{20}^{-1} (R_{00}^{-1})^{\ast} R_{03}^{-1} | R_{23}^{-1} = \oslash (b|\epsilon)^{\ast} \oslash | b = b$
$R_{30}^{0} = R_{30}^{-1} (R_{00}^{-1})^{\ast} R_{00}^{-1} | R_{30}^{-1} = b (b|\epsilon)^{\ast} (b|\epsilon) | b = b^{\ast}$
$R_{31}^{0} = R_{30}^{-1} (R_{00}^{-1})^{\ast} R_{01}^{-1} | R_{31}^{-1} = b (b|\epsilon)^{\ast} a | a = b^{\ast}a$
$R_{32}^{0} = R_{30}^{-1} (R_{00}^{-1})^{\ast} R_{02}^{-1} | R_{32}^{-1} = b (b|\epsilon)^{\ast} \oslash | \oslash = \oslash$
$R_{33}^{0} = R_{30}^{-1} (R_{00}^{-1})^{\ast} R_{03}^{-1} | R_{33}^{-1} = b (b|\epsilon)^{\ast} \oslash | \epsilon = \epsilon$
$k = 1$

$R_{00}^{1} = R_{01}^{0} (R_{11}^{0})^{\ast} R_{10}^{0} | R_{00}^{0} = (b^{\ast}a) (a|\epsilon)^{\ast} \oslash | b^{\ast} = b^{\ast}$
$R_{01}^{1} = R_{01}^{0} (R_{11}^{0})^{\ast} R_{11}^{0} | R_{01}^{0} = (b^{\ast}a) (a|\epsilon)^{\ast} (a|\epsilon) | (b^{\ast}a) = b^{\ast}a^{+}$
$R_{02}^{1} = R_{01}^{0} (R_{11}^{0})^{\ast} R_{12}^{0} | R_{02}^{0} = (b^{\ast}a) (a|\epsilon)^{\ast} b | \oslash = b^{\ast}a^{+}b$
$R_{03}^{1} = R_{01}^{0} (R_{11}^{0})^{\ast} R_{13}^{0} | R_{03}^{0} = (b^{\ast}a) (a|\epsilon)^{\ast} \oslash | \oslash = \oslash$
$R_{10}^{1} = R_{11}^{0} (R_{11}^{0})^{\ast} R_{10}^{0} | R_{10}^{0} = (a|\epsilon) (a|\epsilon)^{\ast} \oslash | \oslash = \oslash$
$R_{11}^{1} = R_{11}^{0} (R_{11}^{0})^{\ast} R_{11}^{0} | R_{11}^{0} = (a|\epsilon) (a|\epsilon)^{\ast} (a|\epsilon) | (a|\epsilon) = a^{\ast}$
$R_{12}^{1} = R_{11}^{0} (R_{11}^{0})^{\ast} R_{12}^{0} | R_{12}^{0} = (a|\epsilon) (a|\epsilon)^{\ast} b | b = a^{\ast}b$
$R_{13}^{1} = R_{11}^{0} (R_{11}^{0})^{\ast} R_{13}^{0} | R_{13}^{0} = (a|\epsilon) (a|\epsilon)^{\ast} \oslash | \oslash = \oslash$
$R_{20}^{1} = R_{21}^{0} (R_{11}^{0})^{\ast} R_{10}^{0} | R_{20}^{0} = a (a|\epsilon)^{\ast} \oslash | \oslash = \oslash$
$R_{21}^{1} = R_{21}^{0} (R_{11}^{0})^{\ast} R_{11}^{0} | R_{21}^{0} = a (a|\epsilon)^{\ast} (a|\epsilon) | a = a^{+}$
$R_{22}^{1} = R_{21}^{0} (R_{11}^{0})^{\ast} R_{12}^{0} | R_{22}^{0} = a (a|\epsilon)^{\ast} b | \epsilon = a^{+}b|\epsilon$
$R_{23}^{1} = R_{21}^{0} (R_{11}^{0})^{\ast} R_{13}^{0} | R_{23}^{0} = a (a|\epsilon)^{\ast} \oslash | b = b$
$R_{30}^{1} = R_{31}^{0} (R_{11}^{0})^{\ast} R_{10}^{0} | R_{30}^{0} = (b^{\ast}a) (a|\epsilon)^{\ast} \oslash | b^{\ast} = b^{\ast}$
$R_{31}^{1} = R_{31}^{0} (R_{11}^{0})^{\ast} R_{11}^{0} | R_{31}^{0} = (b^{\ast}a) (a|\epsilon)^{\ast} (a|\epsilon) | (b^{\ast}a) = b^{\ast}a^{+}$
$R_{32}^{1} = R_{31}^{0} (R_{11}^{0})^{\ast} R_{12}^{0} | R_{32}^{0} = (b^{\ast}a) (a|\epsilon)^{\ast} b | \oslash = b^{\ast}a^{+}b$
$R_{33}^{1} = R_{31}^{0} (R_{11}^{0})^{\ast} R_{13}^{0} | R_{33}^{0} = (b^{\ast}a) (a|\epsilon)^{\ast} \oslash | \epsilon = \epsilon$
$k = 2$

$R_{00}^{2} = R_{02}^{1} (R_{22}^{1})^{\ast} R_{20}^{1} | R_{00}^{1} = (b^{\ast}a^{+}b) (a^{+}b|\epsilon)^{\ast} \oslash | b^{\ast} = b^{\ast}$
$R_{01}^{2} = R_{02}^{1} (R_{22}^{1})^{\ast} R_{21}^{1} | R_{01}^{1} = (b^{\ast}a^{+}b) (a^{+}b|\epsilon)^{\ast} a^{+} | (b^{\ast}a^{+}) = b^{\ast}a^{+}((ba^{+})^{+}|\epsilon)$
$R_{02}^{2} = R_{02}^{1} (R_{22}^{1})^{\ast} R_{22}^{1} | R_{02}^{1} = (b^{\ast}a^{+}b) (a^{+}b|\epsilon)^{\ast} (a^{+}b|\epsilon) | (b^{\ast}a^{+}b) = b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}$
$R_{03}^{2} = R_{02}^{1} (R_{22}^{1})^{\ast} R_{23}^{1} | R_{03}^{1} = (b^{\ast}a^{+}b) (a^{+}b|\epsilon)^{\ast} b | \oslash = b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}b$
$R_{10}^{2} = R_{12}^{1} (R_{22}^{1})^{\ast} R_{20}^{1} | R_{10}^{1} = (a^{\ast}b) (a^{+}b|\epsilon)^{\ast} \oslash | \oslash = \oslash$
$R_{11}^{2} = R_{12}^{1} (R_{22}^{1})^{\ast} R_{21}^{1} | R_{11}^{1} = (a^{\ast}b) (a^{+}b|\epsilon)^{\ast} a^{+} | a^{\ast} = a^{\ast}((ba^{+})^{+}|\epsilon)$
$R_{12}^{2} = R_{12}^{1} (R_{22}^{1})^{\ast} R_{22}^{1} | R_{12}^{1} = (a^{\ast}b) (a^{+}b|\epsilon)^{\ast} (a^{+}b|\epsilon) | (a^{\ast}b) = a^{\ast}b(a^{+}b)^{\ast}$
$R_{13}^{2} = R_{12}^{1} (R_{22}^{1})^{\ast} R_{23}^{1} | R_{13}^{1} = (a^{\ast}b) (a^{+}b|\epsilon)^{\ast} b | \oslash = a^{\ast}b(a^{+}b)^{\ast}b$
$R_{20}^{2} = R_{22}^{1} (R_{22}^{1})^{\ast} R_{20}^{1} | R_{20}^{1} = (a^{+}b|\epsilon) (a^{+}b|\epsilon)^{\ast} \oslash | \oslash = \oslash$
$R_{21}^{2} = R_{22}^{1} (R_{22}^{1})^{\ast} R_{21}^{1} | R_{21}^{1} = (a^{+}b|\epsilon) (a^{+}b|\epsilon)^{\ast} a^{+} | a^{+} = (a^{+}b)^{\ast}a^{+}$
$R_{22}^{2} = R_{22}^{1} (R_{22}^{1})^{\ast} R_{22}^{1} | R_{22}^{1} = (a^{+}b|\epsilon) (a^{+}b|\epsilon)^{\ast} (a^{+}b|\epsilon) | (a^{+}b|\epsilon) = (a^{+}b)^{\ast}$
$R_{23}^{2} = R_{22}^{1} (R_{22}^{1})^{\ast} R_{23}^{1} | R_{23}^{1} = (a^{+}b|\epsilon) (a^{+}b|\epsilon)^{\ast} b | b = (a^{+}b)^{\ast}b$
$R_{30}^{2} = R_{32}^{1} (R_{22}^{1})^{\ast} R_{20}^{1} | R_{30}^{1} = (b^{\ast}a^{+}b) (a^{+}b|\epsilon)^{\ast} \oslash | b^{\ast} = b^{\ast}$
$R_{31}^{2} = R_{32}^{1} (R_{22}^{1})^{\ast} R_{21}^{1} | R_{31}^{1} = (b^{\ast}a^{+}b) (a^{+}b|\epsilon)^{\ast} a^{+} | (b^{\ast}a^{+}) = b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{\ast}a^{+}$
$R_{32}^{2} = R_{32}^{1} (R_{22}^{1})^{\ast} R_{22}^{1} | R_{32}^{1} = (b^{\ast}a^{+}b) (a^{+}b|\epsilon)^{\ast} (a^{+}b|\epsilon) | (b^{\ast}a^{+}b) = b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}$
$R_{33}^{2} = R_{32}^{1} (R_{22}^{1})^{\ast} R_{23}^{1} | R_{33}^{1} = (b^{\ast}a^{+}b) (a^{+}b|\epsilon)^{\ast} b | \epsilon = b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}|\epsilon$
$k = 3$

$R_{00}^{3} = R_{03}^{2} (R_{33}^{2})^{\ast} R_{30}^{2} | R_{00}^{2} = (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}b) (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}|\epsilon)^{\ast} b^{\ast} | b^{\ast}$
$R_{01}^{3} = R_{03}^{2} (R_{33}^{2})^{\ast} R_{31}^{2} | R_{01}^{2} = (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}b) (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}|\epsilon)^{\ast} b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{\ast}a^{+} | b^{\ast}a^{+}((ba^{+})^{+}|\epsilon)$
$R_{02}^{3} = R_{03}^{2} (R_{33}^{2})^{\ast} R_{32}^{2} | R_{02}^{2} = (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}b) (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}|\epsilon)^{\ast} b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+} | b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}$
$R_{03}^{3} = R_{03}^{2} (R_{33}^{2})^{\ast} R_{33}^{2} | R_{03}^{2} = (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}b) (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}|\epsilon)^{\ast} (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}|\epsilon) | b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}b$
$R_{10}^{3} = R_{13}^{2} (R_{33}^{2})^{\ast} R_{30}^{2} | R_{10}^{2} = (a^{\ast}b(a^{+}b)^{\ast}b) (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}|\epsilon)^{\ast} b^{\ast} | \oslash$
$R_{11}^{3} = R_{13}^{2} (R_{33}^{2})^{\ast} R_{31}^{2} | R_{11}^{2} = (a^{\ast}b(a^{+}b)^{\ast}b) (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}|\epsilon)^{\ast} b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{\ast}a^{+} | a^{\ast}((ba^{+})^{+}|\epsilon)$
$R_{12}^{3} = R_{13}^{2} (R_{33}^{2})^{\ast} R_{32}^{2} | R_{12}^{2} = (a^{\ast}b(a^{+}b)^{\ast}b) (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}|\epsilon)^{\ast} b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+} | a^{\ast}b(a^{+}b)^{\ast}$
$R_{13}^{3} = R_{13}^{2} (R_{33}^{2})^{\ast} R_{33}^{2} | R_{13}^{2} = (a^{\ast}b(a^{+}b)^{\ast}b) (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}|\epsilon)^{\ast} (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}|\epsilon) | a^{\ast}b(a^{+}b)^{\ast}b$
$R_{20}^{3} = R_{23}^{2} (R_{33}^{2})^{\ast} R_{30}^{2} | R_{20}^{2} = (a^{+}b)^{\ast}b (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}|\epsilon)^{\ast} b^{\ast} | \oslash$
$R_{21}^{3} = R_{23}^{2} (R_{33}^{2})^{\ast} R_{31}^{2} | R_{21}^{2} = (a^{+}b)^{\ast}b (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}|\epsilon)^{\ast} b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{\ast}a^{+} | (a^{+}b)^{\ast}a^{+}$
$R_{22}^{3} = R_{23}^{2} (R_{33}^{2})^{\ast} R_{32}^{2} | R_{22}^{2} = (a^{+}b)^{\ast}b (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}|\epsilon)^{\ast} b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+} | (a^{+}b)^{\ast}$
$R_{23}^{3} = R_{23}^{2} (R_{33}^{2})^{\ast} R_{33}^{2} | R_{23}^{2} = (a^{+}b)^{\ast}b (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}|\epsilon)^{\ast} (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}|\epsilon) | (a^{+}b)^{\ast}b$
$R_{30}^{3} = R_{33}^{2} (R_{33}^{2})^{\ast} R_{30}^{2} | R_{30}^{2} = (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}|\epsilon) (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}|\epsilon)^{\ast} b^{\ast} | b^{\ast}$
$R_{31}^{3} = R_{33}^{2} (R_{33}^{2})^{\ast} R_{31}^{2} | R_{31}^{2} = (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}|\epsilon) (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}|\epsilon)^{\ast} b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{\ast}a^{+} | b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{\ast}a^{+}$
$R_{32}^{3} = R_{33}^{2} (R_{33}^{2})^{\ast} R_{32}^{2} | R_{32}^{2} = (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}|\epsilon) (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}|\epsilon)^{\ast} b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+} | b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}$
$R_{33}^{3} = R_{33}^{2} (R_{33}^{2})^{\ast} R_{33}^{2} | R_{33}^{2} = (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}|\epsilon) (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}|\epsilon)^{\ast} (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}|\epsilon) | b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}|\epsilon$

最后的 $k = 3$ 就不展开了，我们只需要简化 $R_{03}^{3}$ 就可以了：
由 $R_{03}^{3} = (b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}b)(b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}|\epsilon)^{\ast}(b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}|\epsilon)|b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}b$
$b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+}b(b^{\ast}(a^{+}b)^{+})^{\ast}$
$b^{\ast}a^{\ast}ab(a^{\ast}ab)^{\ast}b(b^{\ast}a^{\ast}ab(a^{\ast}ab)^{\ast})^{\ast}$
$b^{\ast}(a^{\ast}ab)^{\ast}a^{\ast}abb(b^{\ast}(a^{\ast}ab)^{\ast}a^{\ast}ab)^{\ast}$
$a|b)^{*}abb$

有点偷吃步hhh，不过反正结果上是一样的，这样的 Kleene 闭包也是可以自动化的所以不需要过于纠结必须用手算hh。

最终版本的 DFA

到此就全部完成啦，我们经由 RE -> NFA -> DFA -> 最小化 DFA -> 验证 DFA 这几个步骤，终于构建出了最终版本的 DFA 了，撒花～

示例1: $a(b|c)^{*}$

示例2: $a|b)^{*}abb$

结语

从 RE 构建 DFA 的三部曲就到这边结束啦，由于最后的验证 DFA使用 Kleene 闭包其实比较繁琐，读者可以尝试自己实现自动化这个过程的程序（作者估计是写不出来了hhh）。

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