运行时权限
在Android6.0开始引入了运行时权限的功能,运行时权限是指用户在安装软件时不需要一次性授权所有的权限,而是在软件的使用过程中再对某一项权限进行申请
Android将权限分为两类:
- 普通权限:不会直接影响到用户的安全和隐私的权限,对于这部分权限,系统自动授权
- 危险权限:可能会涉及到用户的隐私或者对设备安全性造成影响的权限
下表中列出来的都是危险权限
表中的每一个危险权限表示一个权限组,在进行权限处理的时候使用的是权限名,但是一旦用户同意授权了,那么该权限锁对应的权限组中的所有权限也会同时被授权
如何使用
先写一个没有使用运行时权限申请权限但是使用了危险权限的例子,这样程序会直接崩溃,因为CALL_PHONE是危险权限,必须用户手动同意
activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity">
<Button
android:id="@+id/btn1"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Make Call"/>
</LinearLayout>
MainActivity.java
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
Button btn1 = findViewById(R.id.btn1);
btn1.setOnClickListener((View v) -> {
Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_CALL);
intent.setData(Uri.parse("tel:10086"));
startActivity(intent);
} );
}
}
运行程序,点击按钮,程序直接崩溃,因为需要申请运行时权限,在Android6.0之前的手机上,在AndroidManifest.xml中定义这么一个权限即可
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.CALL_PHONE"/>
而在Android6.0开始这样做是不行的,否则直接抛出ava.lang.SecurityException: Permission Denial: 异常
下面是申请运行时权限的流程
MainActivity.java
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
Button btn1 = findViewById(R.id.btn1);
btn1.setOnClickListener((View v) -> {
if(ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, Manifest.permission.CALL_PHONE) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED){
ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(this, new String[]{Manifest.permission.CALL_PHONE}, 1);
}else{
call();
}
} );
}
public void call(){
Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_CALL);
intent.setData(Uri.parse("tel:10086"));
startActivity(intent);
}
@Override
public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, @NonNull String[] permissions, @NonNull int[] grantResults) {
super.onRequestPermissionsResult(requestCode, permissions, grantResults);
switch (requestCode){
case 1:
if(grantResults.length > 0 && grantResults[0] == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED){
call();
}else{
Toast.makeText(this,"You denied the permission", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
break;
default:
}
}
}
要申请权限首先第一步是要判断是否具有权限,如果没有权限则使用ActivityCompat.requestPermissions来申请权限,一共有三个参数:
- Activity的实例,使用this可以
- String数组,将要申请的权限名放入数组中即可
- 请求码:唯一值,这里传入1,后面会用到
然后用户界面弹出一个申请权限的框,那么很显然需要一个回调函数,当用户点击同意或者取消时应该怎么办,而onRequestPermissionsResult则是这个回调函数。判断用户是否同意权限,然后做相应的操作
访问其他程序中的数据
如果一个应用程序通过内容提供器对其数据提供了外部接口,那么其他的应用程序就可以对这部分数据进行访问,Android中的电电话簿、短信等都程序都提供了类似的访问接口
ContentResolver类是内容提供器的具体类,可以通过Context类中的getContentResolver()方法获取该类的实例,其中这个类提供了一些的CRUD的方法,详细介绍一下query方法的参数
public final @Nullable Cursor query(@RequiresPermission.Read @NonNull Uri uri,
@Nullable String[] projection, @Nullable String selection,
@Nullable String[] selectionArgs, @Nullable String sortOrder) {
return query(uri, projection, selection, selectionArgs, sortOrder, null);
}
- uri:指定查询某个应用程序下的某一张表,uri的格式为:content://com.example.app.provider/table1
- projection:指定查询的列名
- selection:指定where的约束条件
- selectionArgs:为where中的占位符提供具体的值
- sortOrder:指定查询结果的排序方式
下面是一个读取系统电话簿联系人的小案列
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
private ArrayAdapter<String> adapter;
private List<String> contactsList = new ArrayList<>();
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
ListView listView = findViewById(R.id.contacts_view);
adapter = new ArrayAdapter<>(this, android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, contactsList);
listView.setAdapter(adapter);
if(ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, Manifest.permission.READ_CONTACTS) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED){
ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(this, new String[]{Manifest.permission.READ_CONTACTS}, 1);
}else{
readContacts();
}
}
public void readContacts(){
Cursor query = getContentResolver().query(ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Phone.CONTENT_URI, null, null, null, null);
if (query != null){
while (query.moveToNext()){
String displayName = query.getString(query.getColumnIndex(ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Phone.DISPLAY_NAME));
String number = query.getString(query.getColumnIndex(ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Phone.NUMBER));
contactsList.add(displayName + "\n" + number);
}
}
adapter.notifyDataSetChanged();
query.close();
}
@Override
public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, @NonNull String[] permissions, @NonNull int[] grantResults) {
super.onRequestPermissionsResult(requestCode, permissions, grantResults);
switch (requestCode){
case 1:
if(grantResults.length > 0 && grantResults[0] == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED){
readContacts();
}else{
Toast.makeText(this, "You denied the permission", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
}
}
}
创建自己的内容提供器
首选需要准备两个项目,内容提供者项目就在之前DatabaseTest的基础上进行,内容使用者新建一个项目
新建一个类DatabaseProvider需要继承ContentProvider这个类,这个抽象类具备6个方法需要我们重写,onCreate()、query()、insert()、update()、delete()、getType(),其中的每一个方法都会带上一个uri参数,而这个参数就是上面在使用的时候传入的uri参数,一个标准的uri是:
content://com.example.app.provider/table1
这里表示期望访问的是com.example.app这个app的table1数据,还可以加上一个id例如
content://com.example.app.provider/table1/1表示期望访问的是table1表中的id为1的数据。
UriMatcher中提供了一个addURI()的方法,接收三个参数authority、path、自定义代码其实很好理解,就是靠这个自定义的代码来确定具体访问的资源
getType()方法之前没有接触过,这是所有的内容提供者都必须提供的方法,用于获取Uri对象的MEMI类型,一个内容URI对应的MIMI字符串主要由三部分组成:
- 必须要以vnd开头
- 如果URI以路径结尾则后接 android.cursor.dir/,如果URI以id结尾,则后接android.cursor.item
- 最后接上
vnd.<authority>.<path>
直接看代码即可
public class DatabaseProvider extends ContentProvider {
public static final int BOOK_DIR = 0;
public static final int BOOK_ITEM = 1;
public static final int CATEGORY_DIR = 2;
public static final int CATEGORY_ITEM = 3;
public static final String AUTHORITY = "com.example.databasetest.provider";
private static UriMatcher uriMatcher;
private MyDatabaseHelper dbHelper;
static {
uriMatcher = new UriMatcher(UriMatcher.NO_MATCH);
uriMatcher.addURI(AUTHORITY, "Book", BOOK_DIR);
uriMatcher.addURI(AUTHORITY, "Book/#", BOOK_ITEM);
uriMatcher.addURI(AUTHORITY, "Category", CATEGORY_DIR);
uriMatcher.addURI(AUTHORITY, "Category/#", CATEGORY_ITEM);
}
public DatabaseProvider() {
}
@Override
public int delete(Uri uri, String selection, String[] selectionArgs) {
SQLiteDatabase db = dbHelper.getWritableDatabase();
int deleteRows = 0;
switch (uriMatcher.match(uri)){
case BOOK_DIR:
deleteRows = db.delete("Book", selection, selectionArgs);
break;
case BOOK_ITEM:
String bookId = uri.getPathSegments().get(1);
deleteRows = db.delete("Book", selection, selectionArgs);
break;
case CATEGORY_DIR:
deleteRows = db.delete("Category", selection, selectionArgs);
break;
case CATEGORY_ITEM:
String categoryId = uri.getPathSegments().get(1);
deleteRows = db.delete("Category","id + ?", new String[]{categoryId});
break;
}
return deleteRows;
}
@Override
public String getType(Uri uri) {
switch (uriMatcher.match(uri)){
case BOOK_DIR:
return "vnd.android.cursor.dir/vnd.com.example.databasetest.provider.book";
case BOOK_ITEM:
return "vnd.android.cursor.item/vnd.com.example.databasetest.provider.book";
case CATEGORY_DIR:
return "vnd.android.cursor.dir/vnd.com.example.databasetest.provider.category";
case CATEGORY_ITEM:
return "vnd.android.cursor.item/vnd.com.example.databasetest.provider.category";
}
return null;
}
@Override
public Uri insert(Uri uri, ContentValues values) {
SQLiteDatabase db = dbHelper.getWritableDatabase();
Uri uriReturn = null;
switch (uriMatcher.match(uri)){
case BOOK_DIR:
case BOOK_ITEM:
long bookId = db.insert("Book", null, values);
uriReturn = Uri.parse("content://" + AUTHORITY + "/book/" + bookId);
break;
case CATEGORY_DIR:
case CATEGORY_ITEM:
long categoryId = db.insert("Category", null, values);
uriReturn = Uri.parse("content://" + AUTHORITY + "/Category/" + categoryId);
break;
default:
}
return uriReturn;
}
@Override
public boolean onCreate() {
dbHelper = new MyDatabaseHelper(getContext(), "BookStore.db", null, 2);
return true;
}
@Override
public Cursor query(Uri uri, String[] projection, String selection,
String[] selectionArgs, String sortOrder) {
SQLiteDatabase db = dbHelper.getReadableDatabase();
Cursor cursor = null;
switch (uriMatcher.match(uri)){
case BOOK_DIR:
cursor = db.query("Book", projection, selection, selectionArgs, null, null, sortOrder);
break;
case BOOK_ITEM:
//获取表中数据的id
String bookId = uri.getPathSegments().get(1);
cursor = db.query("Book", projection, "id = ?", new String[]{bookId}, null, null, sortOrder);
break;
case CATEGORY_DIR:
cursor = db.query("Category", projection, selection, selectionArgs, null, null, sortOrder);
break;
case CATEGORY_ITEM:
String categoryId = uri.getPathSegments().get(1);
cursor = db.query("Category", projection, "id = ?", new String[]{categoryId}, null, null, sortOrder);
break;
default:
break;
}
return cursor;
}
@Override
public int update(Uri uri, ContentValues values, String selection,
String[] selectionArgs) {
SQLiteDatabase db = dbHelper.getWritableDatabase();
int updateRows = 0;
switch (uriMatcher.match(uri)){
case BOOK_DIR:
updateRows = db.update("Book", values, selection, selectionArgs);
break;
case BOOK_ITEM:
String bookId = uri.getPathSegments().get(1);
updateRows = db.update("Book", values, selection, selectionArgs);
case CATEGORY_DIR:
updateRows = db.update("Category", values, selection, selectionArgs);
break;
case CATEGORY_ITEM:
String categoryId = uri.getPathSegments().get(1);
updateRows = db.update("Category", values, "id = ?", new String[]{categoryId});
}
return updateRows;
}
}
当然不要忘记了内容提供者需要在AndroidManifest.xml中注册
<provider
android:name=".DatabaseProvider"
android:authorities="com.example.databasetest.provider"
android:enabled="true"
android:exported="true">
</provider>
接着新建一个ProviderTest项目,用来调用DatabaseTest程序
activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity">
<Button
android:id="@+id/add_data"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="ADD TO BOOK"/>
<Button
android:id="@+id/query_data"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Query From BOOK"/>
<Button
android:id="@+id/update_data"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Update Book"/>
<Button
android:id="@+id/delete_data"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Delete From Book"/>
</LinearLayout>
MainActivity.java
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
private static final String TAG = "MainActivity";
public static final String AUTHORITY = "content://com.example.databasetest.provider/";
private String newId = "";
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
Button addBtn = findViewById(R.id.add_data);
addBtn.setOnClickListener((View v) -> {
Uri uri = Uri.parse(AUTHORITY + "Book");
ContentValues contentValues = new ContentValues();
contentValues.put("name", "A Clash of Kings");
contentValues.put("author", "George Martin");
contentValues.put("pages", 1040);
contentValues.put("price", 22.85);
Uri insert = getContentResolver().insert(uri, contentValues);
newId = insert.getPathSegments().get(1);
});
Button queryBtn = findViewById(R.id.query_data);
queryBtn.setOnClickListener((View v) -> {
Uri uri = Uri.parse(AUTHORITY + "Book");
Cursor query = getContentResolver().query(uri, null, null, null, null);
if(query != null){
while (query.moveToNext()){
String name = query.getString(query.getColumnIndex("name"));
String author = query.getString(query.getColumnIndex("author"));
int pages = query.getInt(query.getColumnIndex("pages"));
double price = query.getDouble(query.getColumnIndex("price"));
Log.e(TAG, "Book name is " + name);
Log.e(TAG, "Book author is " + author);
Log.e(TAG, "Book page is " + pages);
Log.e(TAG, "Book pages is " + price);
}
}
query.close();
});
Button updateBtn = findViewById(R.id.update_data);
updateBtn.setOnClickListener((View v) -> {
Uri uri = Uri.parse(AUTHORITY + "Book/" + newId);
ContentValues contentValues = new ContentValues();
contentValues.put("name", "A Storm of Swords");
contentValues.put("pages", 1216);
contentValues.put("price", 24.05);
getContentResolver().update(uri, contentValues, null, null);
} );
Button deleteBtn = findViewById(R.id.delete_data);
deleteBtn.setOnClickListener((View v) -> {
Uri uri = Uri.parse(AUTHORITY + "Book/" + newId);
getContentResolver().delete(uri, null, null);
} );
}
}
最后结果查看日志即可