大蟒蛇案例之《外星人入侵》
首先需要安装pygame包
VS中安装pygame的方法：
1.在编译器中间上面的位置找到这个：
然后单击
2.单击后左侧会出现python环境，如下图搜索pygame进行安装即可
项目文件夹中新建一个文件夹，命名：images,并存放以下两张图片：
代码：
启动文件:
alien_invasion.py
import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite
class Alien(Sprite):
"""表示单个外星人的类"""
def __init__(self,ai_settings,screen):
"""初始化外星人并设置其起始位置"""
super().__init__()
self.screen = screen
self.ai_settings = ai_settings
#加载外星人图像，并设置其rect属性
self.image = pygame.image.load('images/alien.bmp')
self.rect = self.image.get_rect()
#每个外星人最初都在屏幕左上角附近
self.rect.x = self.rect.width
self.rect.y = self.rect.height
#储存外星人的准确位置
self.x = float(self.rect.x)
def blitme(self):
"""在指定位置绘制外星人"""
self.screen.blit(self.image,self.rect)
def check_edges(self):
"""如果外星人位于屏幕边缘，就返回True"""
screen_rect = self.screen.get_rect()
if self.rect.right >=screen_rect.right:
return True
elif self.rect.left <= 0:
return True
def update(self):
"""向左或向右移动外星人"""
self.x += (self.ai_settings.alien_speed_factor *
self.ai_settings.fleet_direction)
self.rect.x = self.x
class Settings():
"""储存《外星人入侵》的所有设置的类"""
def __init__(self):
"""初始化游戏的静态设置"""
#屏幕设置
self.screen_width=1200
self.screen_height=800
self.bgcolor=(230,230,230)
#飞船拥有个数设置
self.ship_limit = 3
#子弹设置
self.bullet_width = 3
self.bullet_height = 15
self.bullet_color = 60 ,60 ,60
self.bullets_allowed = 3
#外星人坠落速度设置
self.fleet_drop_speed = 10
#以什么样的速度加快游戏节奏
self.speedup_scale = 1.1
#外星人点数的提高速度
self.score_scale = 1.5
self.initialize_dynamic_settings()
def initialize_dynamic_settings(self):
"""初始化随游戏进行而变化的设置"""
self.ship_speed_factor = 1.5
self.bullet_speed_factor = 3
self.alien_speed_factor = 1
#fleet_direction为1表示向右；为-1表示向左
self.fleet_direction = 1
#计分
self.alien_points = 50
def increase_speed(self):
"""提高速度设置和外星人点数"""
self.ship_speed_factor *= self.speedup_scale
self.bullet_speed_factor *= self.speedup_scale
self.alien_speed_factor *= self.speedup_scale
self.alien_points = int(self.alien_points * self.score_scale)
print(self.alien_points)
game_functions.py
import sys
from time import sleep
import pygame
from bullet import Bullet
from alien import Alien
def check_keydown_events(event,ai_settings,screen,ship,bullets):
"""响应按键"""
if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
ship.moving_right = True
elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
ship.moving_left = True
elif event.key == pygame.K_SPACE:
fire_bullet(ai_settings,screen,ship,bullets)
elif event.key == pygame.K_q:
sys.exit()
def fire_bullet(ai_settings,screen,ship,bullets):
"""如果还没有到达限制，就发射一颗子弹"""
# 创建一颗子弹，并将其加入到编组bullets中
if len(bullets) < ai_settings.bullets_allowed:
new_bullet = Bullet(ai_settings,screen,ship)
bullets.add(new_bullet)
def check_keyup_events(event,ship):
"""响应松开"""
if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
ship.moving_right = False
elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
ship.moving_left = False
def check_events(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,play_button,ship,aliens,
bullets):
#监视键盘和鼠标事件,事件循环。
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
sys.exit() #退出游戏
elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
check_keydown_events(event,ai_settings,screen,ship,bullets)
elif event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
check_keyup_events(event,ship)
elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
mouse_x,mouse_y = pygame.mouse.get_pos()
check_play_button(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,play_button,ship,aliens,
bullets,mouse_x,mouse_y)
def check_play_button(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,play_button,ship,aliens,
bullets,mouse_x,mouse_y):
"""在玩家单击Play按钮时开始游戏"""
button_clicked = play_button.rect.collidepoint(mouse_x,mouse_y)
if button_clicked and not stats.game_active:
#重置游戏设置
ai_settings.initialize_dynamic_settings()
#隐藏光标
pygame.mouse.set_visible(False)
#重置游戏统计信息
stats.reset_stats()
stats.game_active = True
#重置记分牌图像
sb.prep_score()
sb.prep_high_score()
sb.prep_level()
sb.prep_ships()
#清空外星人列表和子弹列表
aliens.empty()
bullets.empty()
#创建一群新的外星人，并让飞船居中
create_fleet(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens)
ship.center_ship()
def update_screen(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,ship,aliens,bullets,
play_button):
#每次循环都重绘屏幕
screen.fill(ai_settings.bgcolor)
#在飞船和外星人后面重绘所有子弹
for bullet in bullets.sprites():
bullet.draw_bullet()
ship.blitme()
aliens.draw(screen)
#显示得分
sb.show_score()
#如果游戏处于非活动状态，就显示Play按钮
if not stats.game_active:
play_button.draw_button()
#屏幕更新
pygame.display.flip()
def update_bullets(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,ship,aliens,bullets):
"""更新子弹的位置，并删除已消失的子弹"""
#更新子弹的位置
bullets.update()
#删除已消失的子弹
for bullet in bullets.copy():
if bullet.rect.bottom<=0:
bullets.remove(bullet)
check_bullet_alien_collisions(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,ship
,aliens,bullets)
def check_bullet_alien_collisions(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,ship,
aliens,bullets):
#响应子弹和外星人的碰撞
#删除发生碰撞的子弹和外星人
collisions = pygame.sprite.groupcollide(bullets,aliens,True,True)
if collisions:
for aliens in collisions.values():
stats.score += ai_settings.alien_points
sb.prep_score()
check_high_score(stats,sb)
if len(aliens) == 0:
#删除现有的子弹,加快游戏节奏,并新建一群新的外星人
#如果整群外星人都被消灭就提高一个等级
bullets.empty()
ai_settings.increase_speed()
#提高等级
stats.level += 1
sb.prep_level()
create_fleet(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens)
def get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings,alien_width):
"""计算每行可以容纳多少个外星人"""
available_space_x = ai_settings.screen_width - 2 * alien_width
number_aliens_x = int(available_space_x / (2 * alien_width))
return number_aliens_x
def get_number_rows(ai_settings,ship_height,alien_height):
"""计算屏幕可容纳多少外星人"""
available_space_y = (ai_settings.screen_height-
3 * alien_height - ship_height)
number_rows = int(available_space_y / (2 * alien_height))
return number_rows
def create_alien(ai_settings,screen,aliens,alien_number,row_number):
"""创建一个外星人并将其放在当前行"""
alien = Alien(ai_settings,screen)
alien_width = alien.rect.width
alien.x = alien_width + 2 * alien_width * alien_number
alien.rect.x = alien.x
alien.rect.y = alien.rect.height + 2 * alien.rect.height * row_number
aliens.add(alien) #将外星人alien加到编组aliens中
def create_fleet(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens):
"""创建外星人群"""
#创建一个外星人，并计算一行可容纳多少个外星人
#外星人的距离为外星人宽度
alien = Alien(ai_settings,screen)
number_aliens_x = get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings,alien.rect.width)
number_rows = get_number_rows(ai_settings,ship.rect.height,
alien.rect.height)
#创建外星人群
for row_number in range(number_rows):
for alien_number in range(number_aliens_x):
create_alien(ai_settings,screen,aliens,alien_number,
row_number)
def check_fleet_edges(ai_settings,aliens):
"""有外星人到达边缘时采取相应的措施"""
for alien in aliens.sprites():
if alien.check_edges():
change_fleet_direction(ai_settings,aliens)
break
def change_fleet_direction(ai_settings,aliens):
"""将整群外星人下移，并改变他们的方向"""
for alien in aliens.sprites():
alien.rect.y += ai_settings.fleet_drop_speed
ai_settings.fleet_direction *= -1
def ship_hit(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,ship,aliens,bullets):
"""响应被外星人撞到的飞船"""
if stats.ships_left > 0:
#将ship_left减1
stats.ships_left -= 1
#更新计分牌
sb.prep_ships()
#清空外星人列表和子弹列表
aliens.empty()
bullets.empty()
#创建一群新的外星人，并将飞船放到屏幕底端中央
create_fleet(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens)
ship.center_ship()
#暂停
sleep(0.5)
else:
stats.game_active = False
pygame.mouse.set_visible(True)
def check_aliens_bottom(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,ship,aliens,bullets):
"""检查是否有外星人到达了屏幕底端"""
screen_rect = screen.get_rect()
for alien in aliens.sprites():
if alien.rect.bottom >=screen_rect.bottom:
#像飞船被撞到一样进行处理
ship_hit(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,ship,aliens,bullets)
break
def update_aliens(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,ship,aliens,bullets):
"""
检测是否有外星人位于屏幕边缘，并更新整群外星人的位置
"""
check_fleet_edges(ai_settings,aliens)
aliens.update()
#检测外星人和飞船之间的碰撞
if pygame.sprite.spritecollideany(ship,aliens):
ship_hit(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,ship,aliens,bullets)
#检测是否有外星人到达屏幕底端
check_aliens_bottom(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,ship,aliens,bullets)
def check_high_score(stats,sb):
"""检查是否诞生了新的最高纪录"""
if stats.score > stats.high_score:
stats.high_score = stats.score
sb.prep_high_score()
import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite
class Ship(Sprite):
def __init__(self,ai_settings,screen):
#初始化飞船并设置其初始化位置
super().__init__()
self.screen=screen
self.ai_settings=ai_settings
#加载飞船图像并获取其外接矩形
self.image=pygame.image.load("images/ship.bmp")
self.rect=self.image.get_rect()
self.screen_rect=screen.get_rect()
#将每艘新飞船放在屏幕底部中央
self.rect.centerx=self.screen_rect.centerx
self.rect.bottom=self.screen_rect.bottom
#在飞船的属性center中存储小数值
self.center=float(self.rect.centerx)
#移动标志
self.moving_right = False
self.moving_left = False
def update(self):
"""根据移动标志调整飞船的位置"""
if self.moving_right and self.rect.right < self.screen_rect.right:
self.center += self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor
if self.moving_left and self.rect.left > self.screen_rect.left: #大于0
self.center -= self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor
#根据self.center更新rect对象 只储存整数部分
self.rect.centerx = self.center
def blitme(self):
"""在指定位置绘制飞船"""
self.screen.blit(self.image,self.rect)
def center_ship(self):
"""让飞船在屏幕上居中"""
self.center = self.screen_rect.centerx
import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite
class Bullet(Sprite):
"""一个对飞船发射的子弹进行管理的类"""
def __init__(self,ai_settings,screen,ship):
"""在飞船所在的位置处创建一个子弹对象"""
super().__init__()
self.screen = screen
#在（0,0）处创建一个表示子弹的矩形，再设置正确的位置
self.rect = pygame.Rect(0,0,ai_settings.bullet_width,
ai_settings.bullet_height)
self.rect.centerx = ship.rect.centerx
self.rect.top = ship.rect.top
#存储用小数表示的子弹位置
self.y = float(self.rect.y)
self.color = ai_settings.bullet_color
self.speed_factor = ai_settings.bullet_speed_factor
def update(self):
"""向上移动子弹"""
#更新表示子弹位置的小数值
self.y -= self.speed_factor
#更新表示子弹的rect的位置
self.rect.y = self.y
def draw_bullet(self):
"""在屏幕上绘制子弹"""
pygame.draw.rect(self.screen,self.color,self.rect)
import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite
class Alien(Sprite):
"""表示单个外星人的类"""
def __init__(self,ai_settings,screen):
"""初始化外星人并设置其起始位置"""
super().__init__()
self.screen = screen
self.ai_settings = ai_settings
#加载外星人图像，并设置其rect属性
self.image = pygame.image.load('images/alien.bmp')
self.rect = self.image.get_rect()
#每个外星人最初都在屏幕左上角附近
self.rect.x = self.rect.width
self.rect.y = self.rect.height
#储存外星人的准确位置
self.x = float(self.rect.x)
def blitme(self):
"""在指定位置绘制外星人"""
self.screen.blit(self.image,self.rect)
def check_edges(self):
"""如果外星人位于屏幕边缘，就返回True"""
screen_rect = self.screen.get_rect()
if self.rect.right >=screen_rect.right:
return True
elif self.rect.left <= 0:
return True
def update(self):
"""向左或向右移动外星人"""
self.x += (self.ai_settings.alien_speed_factor *
self.ai_settings.fleet_direction)
self.rect.x = self.x
game_stats.py
class GameStats():
"""跟踪游戏的统计信息"""
def __init__(self,ai_settings):
"""初始化统计信息"""
self.ai_settings = ai_settings
self.reset_stats()
#让游戏一开始处于非活动状态
self.game_active = False
#在任何情况下都不应重置最高得分
self.high_score = 0
def reset_stats(self):
"""初始化在游戏运行期间可能变化的统计信息"""
self.ships_left = self.ai_settings.ship_limit
self.score = 0
self.level = 1
import pygame.font
from pygame.sprite import Group
from ship import Ship
class Scoreboard():
"""显示得分信息的类"""
def __init__(self,ai_settings,screen,stats):
"""初始化显示得分涉及的属性"""
self.screen = screen
self.screen_rect = screen.get_rect()
self.ai_settings = ai_settings
self.stats = stats
#显示得分信息时使用的字体设置
self.text_color = (30,30,30)
self.font = pygame.font.SysFont(None,48)
#准备包含最高得分和当前得分的图像
self.prep_score()
self.prep_high_score()
self.prep_level()
self.prep_ships()
def prep_score(self):
"""将得分转化为一幅渲染的图像"""
rounded_score = int(round(self.stats.score,-1))
score_str = "{:,}".format(rounded_score)
self.score_image = self.font.render(score_str,True,self.text_color,
self.ai_settings.bgcolor)
#将得分放在屏幕右上角
self.score_rect = self.score_image.get_rect()
self.score_rect.right = self.screen_rect.right - 20
self.score_rect.top = 20
def show_score(self):
"""在屏幕上显示当前得分和最高得分"""
self.screen.blit(self.score_image,self.score_rect)
self.screen.blit(self.high_score_image,self.high_score_rect)
self.screen.blit(self.level_image,self.level_rect)
#绘制飞船
self.ships.draw(self.screen)
def prep_high_score(self):
"""将最高得分转换为渲染的图像"""
high_score = int(round(self.stats.high_score,-1))
high_score_str = "{:,}".format(high_score)
self.high_score_image = self.font.render(high_score_str,True,
self.text_color,self.ai_settings.bgcolor)
#将最高得分放在屏幕底部中央
self.high_score_rect = self.high_score_image.get_rect()
self.high_score_rect.centerx = self.screen_rect.centerx
self.high_score_rect.top = self.score_rect.top
def prep_level(self):
"""将等级转换为渲染的图像"""
self.level_image = self.font.render(str(self.stats.level),True,
self.text_color,self.ai_settings.bgcolor)
#将等级放在得分下方
self.level_rect = self.level_image.get_rect()
self.level_rect.right = self.score_rect.right
self.level_rect.top = self.score_rect.bottom + 10
def prep_ships(self):
"""显示还余下多少艘飞船"""
self.ships = Group()
for ship_number in range(self.stats.ships_left):
ship = Ship(self.ai_settings,self.screen)
ship.rect.x = 10 +ship_number * ship.rect.width
ship.rect.y = 10
self.ships.add(ship)
import pygame.font #pygame.font使得文本能够渲染到屏幕上
class Button():
def __init__(self,ai_settings,screen,msg):
"""初始化按钮的属性"""
self.screen = screen
self.screen_rect = screen.get_rect()
#设置按钮的尺寸和其他属性
self.width,self.height = 200,50
self.button_color = (0,250,0) #按钮的rect为亮绿色
self.text_color = (255,255,255) #文本为白色
self.font = pygame.font.SysFont(None,48)#None表明默认字体，48表示字号
#创建按钮的rect对象，并使其居中
self.rect = pygame.Rect(0,0,self.width,self.height)
self.rect.center = self.screen_rect.center
#按钮的标签只需要创建一次
self.prep_msg(msg)
def prep_msg(self,msg):
"""将msg渲染为图像，并将其在按钮上居中"""
self.msg_image = self.font.render(msg,True,self.text_color,
self.button_color)
self.msg_image_rect = self.msg_image.get_rect()
self.msg_image_rect.center = self.rect.center
def draw_button(self):
#绘制一个用颜色填充的按钮，再绘制文本
self.screen.fill(self.button_color,self.rect)
self.screen.blit(self.msg_image,self.msg_image_rect)
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