LeetCode之多数元素

**题目：**给定一个大小为 n 的数组，找到其中的多数元素。多数元素是指在数组中出现次数大于 ⌊ n/2 ⌋ 的元素。
你可以假设数组是非空的，并且给定的数组总是存在多数元素。

方法一：哈希表

class Solution {
    private Map<Integer, Integer> countNums(int[] nums) {
        Map<Integer, Integer> counts = new HashMap<Integer, Integer>();
        for (int num : nums) {
            if (!counts.containsKey(num)) {
                counts.put(num, 1);
            } else {
                counts.put(num, counts.get(num) + 1);
            }
        }
        return counts;
    }

    public int majorityElement(int[] nums) {
        Map<Integer, Integer> counts = countNums(nums);

        Map.Entry<Integer, Integer> majorityEntry = null;
        for (Map.Entry<Integer, Integer> entry : counts.entrySet()) {
            if (majorityEntry == null || entry.getValue() > majorityEntry.getValue()) {
                majorityEntry = entry;
            }
        }

        return majorityEntry.getKey();
    }
}

方法二：排序
思路：
如果将数组 nums 中的所有元素按照单调递增或单调递减的顺序排序，那么下标为⌊ 2n ⌋ 的元素（下标从 0 开始）一定是众数。

class Solution {
    public int majorityElement(int[] nums) {
        Arrays.sort(nums);
        return nums[nums.length / 2];
    }
}

方法三：随机化
思路：
因为超过 ⌊ 2n ⌋ 的数组下标被众数占据了，这样我们随机挑选一个下标对应的元素并验证，有很大的概率能找到众数。

class Solution {
    private int randRange(Random rand, int min, int max) {
        return rand.nextInt(max - min) + min;
    }

    private int countOccurences(int[] nums, int num) {
        int count = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
            if (nums[i] == num) {
                count++;
            }
        }
        return count;
    }

    public int majorityElement(int[] nums) {
        Random rand = new Random();

        int majorityCount = nums.length / 2;

        while (true) {
            int candidate = nums[randRange(rand, 0, nums.length)];
            if (countOccurences(nums, candidate) > majorityCount) {
                return candidate;
            }
        }
    }
}

方法四：分治：
思路：

class Solution {
    private int countInRange(int[] nums, int num, int lo, int hi) {
        int count = 0;
        for (int i = lo; i <= hi; i++) {
            if (nums[i] == num) {
                count++;
            }
        }
        return count;
    }

    private int majorityElementRec(int[] nums, int lo, int hi) {
        // base case; the only element in an array of size 1 is the majority
        // element.
        if (lo == hi) {
            return nums[lo];
        }

        // recurse on left and right halves of this slice.
        int mid = (hi - lo) / 2 + lo;
        int left = majorityElementRec(nums, lo, mid);
        int right = majorityElementRec(nums, mid + 1, hi);

        // if the two halves agree on the majority element, return it.
        if (left == right) {
            return left;
        }

        // otherwise, count each element and return the "winner".
        int leftCount = countInRange(nums, left, lo, hi);
        int rightCount = countInRange(nums, right, lo, hi);

        return leftCount > rightCount ? left : right;
    }

    public int majorityElement(int[] nums) {
        return majorityElementRec(nums, 0, nums.length - 1);
    }
}

·方法五：Boyer-Moore投票算法
思路
如果我们把众数记为 +1+1，把其他数记为 -1−1，将它们全部加起来，显然和大于 0，从结果本身我们可以看出众数比其他数多

class Solution {
    public int majorityElement(int[] nums) {
        int count = 0;
        Integer candidate = null;

        for (int num : nums) {
            if (count == 0) {
                candidate = num;
            }
            count += (num == candidate) ? 1 : -1;
        }

        return candidate;
    }
}