目录
10.4.1 使用json.dump()和json.load()
第10章 文件和异常
10.1 从文件中读取数据
10.1.1 读取整个文件
with open('pi_digits.txt') as file_object:
contents = file_object.read()
print(contents)
3.1415926535
8979323846
2643383279
with open('pi_digits.txt') as file_object:
contents = file_object.read()
print(contents.rstrip())
3.1415926535
8979323846
2643383279
10.1.2 文件路径
file_path = 'C:\\Users\\mm\\Desktop\\pi_digits.txt'
with open(file_path) as file_object:
contents = file_object.read()
print(contents.rstrip())
3.1415926535
8979323846
2643383279
10.1.3 逐行读取
with open('pi_digits.txt') as file_object:
for line in file_object:
print(line)
3.1415926535
8979323846
2643383279
filename = 'pi_digits.txt'
with open(filename) as file_object:
for line in file_object:
print(line)
3.1415926535
8979323846
2643383279
filename = 'pi_digits.txt'
with open(filename) as file_object:
for line in file_object:
print(line.rstrip())
3.1415926535
8979323846
2643383279
10.1.4 创建一个包含文件各行内容的列表
filename = 'pi_digits.txt'
with open(filename) as file_object:
lines = file_object.readlines()
for line in lines:
print(line.rstrip())
3.1415926535
8979323846
2643383279
10.1.5 使用文件的内容
filename = 'pi_digits.txt'
with open(filename) as file_object:
lines = file_object.readlines()
pi_string = ''
for line in lines:
pi_string += line.rstrip()
print(pi_string)
print(len(pi_string))
3.141592653589793238462643383279
36
filename = 'pi_digits.txt'
with open(filename) as file_object:
lines = file_object.readlines()
pi_string = ''
for line in lines:
pi_string += line.strip()
print(pi_string)
print(len(pi_string))
3.141592653589793238462643383279
32
10.1.6 包含一百万位的大型文件
filename = 'pi_million_digits.txt'
with open(filename) as file_object:
lines = file_object.readlines()
pi_string = ''
for line in lines:
pi_string += line.strip()
print(f"{pi_string[:52]}...")
print(len(pi_string))
3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510...
1000002
10.1.7 圆周率值中包含你的生日吗
filename = 'pi_million_digits.txt'
with open(filename) as file_object:
lines = file_object.readlines()
pi_string = ''
for line in lines:
pi_string += line.strip()
birthday = input("Enter your birthday, in the form mmddyy:")
if birthday in pi_string:
print("Your birthday appears in the first million digits of pi!")
else:
print("Your birthday does not appear in the first million digits of pi.")
Enter your birthday, in the form mmddyy:123456
Your birthday does not appear in the first million digits of pi.
10.2 写入文件
10.2.1 写入空文件
filename = 'programming.txt'
with open(filename, 'w') as file_object:
file_object.write('I love programming.')
Python只能将字符串写入文本文件。要将数值数据存储到文本文件中,必须先使用函数str()将其转换为字符串格式。
10.2.2 写入多行
filename = 'programming.txt'
with open(filename, 'w') as file_object:
file_object.write('I love programming.\n')
file_object.write('I love creating new games.\n')
10.2.3 附加到文件
filename = 'programming.txt'
with open(filename, 'a') as file_object:
file_object.write('I also love finding meaning in large datasets.\n')
file_object.write('I love creating apps that can run in a browser.\n')
I love programming.
I love creating new games.
I also love finding meaning in large datasets.
I love creating apps that can run in a browser.
10.3 异常
Python使用称为异常的特殊对象来管理程序执行期间发生的错误。
10.3.1 处理ZeroDivisionError异常
print(5/0)
print(5/0)
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
10.3.2 使用try-except代码块
try:
print(5/0)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("You can't divide by zero!")
You can't divide by zero!
10.3.3 使用异常避免崩溃
print("Give me two numbers, and I'll divide them.")
print("Enter 'q' to quit.")
while True:
first_number = input("\nFirst number: ")
if first_number == 'q':
break
second_number = input("Second number: ")
if second_number == 'q':
break
answer = int(first_number) / int(second_number)
print(answer)
First number: 6
Second number: 0
answer = int(first_number) / int(second_number)
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
10.3.4 else代码块
print("Give me two numbers, and I'll divide them.")
print("Enter 'q' to quit.")
while True:
first_number = input("\nFirst number: ")
if first_number == 'q':
break
second_number = input("Second number: ")
if second_number == 'q':
break
try:
answer = int(first_number) / int(second_number)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("You can't divide by 0!")
else:
print(answer)
Give me two numbers, and I'll divide them.
Enter 'q' to quit.
First number: 8
Second number: 0
You can't divide by 0!
10.3.5 处理FileNotFoundError异常
filename = 'alice.txt'
with open(filename, encoding='utf-8') as f:
contents = f.read()
with open(filename, encoding='utf-8') as f:
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'alice.txt'
filename = 'alice.txt'
try:
with open(filename, encoding='utf-8') as f:
contents = f.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
print(f"Sorry, the file {filename} does not exist.")
Sorry, the file alice.txt does not exist.
10.3.6 分析文本
title = 'Alice in Wonderland'
print(title.split())
['Alice', 'in', 'Wonderland']
filename = 'alice.txt'
try:
with open(filename, encoding='utf-8') as f:
contents = f.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
print(f"Sorry, the file {filename} does not exit.")
else:
# 计算该文件大致包含多少个单词
words = contents.split()
num_words = len(words)
print(f"The file {filename} has about {num_words} words.")
The file alice.txt has about 29465 words.
10.3.7 使用多个文件
def count_words(filename):
try:
with open(filename, encoding='utf-8') as f:
contents = f.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
print(f"Sorry, the file {filename} does not exit.")
else:
# 计算该文件大致包含多少个单词
words = contents.split()
num_words = len(words)
print(f"The file {filename} has about {num_words} words.")
filename = 'alice.txt'
count_words(filename)
The file alice.txt has about 29465 words.
def count_words(filename):
try:
with open(filename, encoding='utf-8') as f:
contents = f.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
print(f"Sorry, the file {filename} does not exit.")
else:
# 计算该文件大致包含多少个单词
words = contents.split()
num_words = len(words)
print(f"The file {filename} has about {num_words} words.")
filenames = ['alice.txt', 'siddhartha.txt', 'moby_dick.txt', 'little_women.txt']
for filename in filenames:
count_words(filename)
The file alice.txt has about 29465 words.
The file siddhartha.txt has about 42172 words.
The file moby_dick.txt has about 215830 words.
The file little_women.txt has about 189079 words.
10.3.8 静默失败
def count_words(filename):
try:
with open(filename, encoding='utf-8') as f:
contents = f.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
pass
else:
# 计算该文件大致包含多少个单词
words = contents.split()
num_words = len(words)
print(f"The file {filename} has about {num_words} words.")
filenames = ['alice.txt', 'siddahartha.txt', 'moby_dick.txt', 'little_women.txt']
for filename in filenames:
count_words(filename)
The file alice.txt has about 29465 words.
The file moby_dick.txt has about 215830 words.
The file little_women.txt has about 189079 words.
10.3.9 决定报告哪些错误
向用户显示他不想看到的信息可能会降低程序的可用性。Python的错误处理结构让你能够细致地控制与用户分享错误信息的程度,要分享多少信息由你决定。
10.4 存储数据
模块json让你能够将简单的Python数据结构转储到文件中,并在程序再次运行时加载该文件中的数据。
JSON格式最初是为JavaScript开发的,但随后成了一种常见的格式,被包括Python在内的众多语言采用。
10.4.1 使用json.dump()和json.load()
import json
numbers = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13]
filename = 'numbers.json'
with open(filename, 'w') as f:
json.dump(numbers, f)
import json
filename = "numbers.json"
with open(filename) as f:
numbers = json.load(f)
print(numbers)
[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13]
10.4.2 保存和读取用户生成的数据
import json
username = input('What is your name? ')
filename = 'username.json'
with open(filename, 'w') as f:
json.dump(username, f)
print(f"We'll remember you when you come back, {username.title()}!")
What is your name? henry
We'll remember you when you come back, Henry!
import json
filename = 'username.json'
with open(filename) as f:
username = json.load(f)
print(f"Welcome back, {username.title()}!")
Welcome back, Henry!
import json
# 如果以前存储了用户名,就加载它。
# 否则,提示用户输入用户名并存储它。
filename = 'username.json'
try:
with open(filename) as f:
username = json.load(f)
except FileNotFoundError:
username = input("What is your name? ")
with open(filename, 'w') as f:
json.dump(username, f)
print(f"We'll remember you when you come back, {username.title()}!")
else:
print(f"Welcome back, {username.title()}!")
Welcome back, Henry!
10.4.3 重构
import json
def greet_user():
filename = 'username.json'
try:
with open(filename) as f:
username = json.load(f)
except FileNotFoundError:
username = input("What is your name? ")
with open(filename, 'w') as f:
json.dump(username, f)
print(f"We'll remember you when you come back, {username.title()}!")
else:
print(f"Welcome back, {username.title()}!")
greet_user()
现在来重构greet_user(),减少其任务。
import json
def get_stored_username():
"""如果存储了用户名,就获取它。"""
filename = 'username.json'
try:
with open(filename) as f:
username = json.load(f)
except FileNotFoundError:
return None
else:
return username
def greet_user():
"""问候用户,并指出其名字。"""
username = get_stored_username()
if username:
print(f"Welcome back, {username.title()}!")
else:
username = input("What is your name? ")
filename = 'username.json'
with open(filename, 'w') as f:
json.dump(username, f)
print(f"We'll remember you when you come back, {username.title()}!")
greet_user()
import json
def get_stored_username():
"""如果存储了用户名,就获取它。"""
filename = 'username.json'
try:
with open(filename) as f:
username = json.load(f)
except FileNotFoundError:
return None
else:
return username
def get_new_username():
"""提示用户输入用户名。"""
username = input("What is your name? ")
filename = 'username.json'
with open(filename, 'w') as f:
json.dump(username, f)
return username
def greet_user():
"""问候用户,并指出其名字。"""
username = get_stored_username()
if username:
print(f"Welcome back, {username.title()}!")
else:
username = get_new_username()
print(f"We'll remember you when you come back, {username.title()}!")
greet_user()
What is your name? john
We'll remember you when you come back, John!