面向对象12:什么是多态
只有父类方法
只有父类有方法时,子类继承父类的方法,故s1、s2都会输出爸爸在跑步
package com.oop.demo08;
public class Person {
public void run(){
System.out.println("爸爸在跑步");
}
}
//子类
package com.oop.demo08;
public class Student extends Person{
}
//测试类
package com.oop;
import com.oop.demo08.Person;
import com.oop.demo08.Student;
public class Application {
//非静态方法才可以重写,且必须为public
public static void main(String[] args) {
//一个对象的实际类型是确定的,如下:
//new Student();
//new Person();
//可以指向的引用类型就不确定了:父类引用指向子类对象
Student s1 = new Student();
Person s2 = new Student();
Object s3 = new Student();
s2.run();
s1.run();
}
}
子类重写父类方法
子类重写父类方法,由于父类引用指向子类对象,故父类会和子类输出一样的结果。
package com.oop.demo08;
public class Person {
public void run(){
System.out.println("爸爸在跑步");
}
}
//子类
package com.oop.demo08;
public class Student extends Person{
public void run(){
System.out.println("儿子在跑步");
}
}
//测试类
package com.oop;
import com.oop.demo08.Person;
import com.oop.demo08.Student;
public class Application {
//非静态方法才可以重写,且必须为public
public static void main(String[] args) {
//一个对象的实际类型是确定的,如下:
//new Student();
//new Person();
// //可以指向的引用类型就不确定了:父类引用指向子类对象
Student s1 = new Student();
Person s2 = new Student();
Object s3 = new Student();
s2.run();
s1.run();//子类重写了父类的方法,执行子类的方法
}
}
子类或父类有不同方法时
对象能执行哪些方法,主要看对象左边的类型,和对象右边关系不大
package com.oop.demo08;
public class Person {
public void run(){
System.out.println("爸爸在跑步");
}
}
//子类
package com.oop.demo08;
public class Student extends Person{
public void run(){
System.out.println("儿子在跑步");
}
public void eat(){
System.out.println("儿子在吃饭");
}
}
//测试类
package com.oop;
import com.oop.demo08.Person;
import com.oop.demo08.Student;
public class Application {
//非静态方法才可以重写,且必须为public
public static void main(String[] args) {
//一个对象的实际类型是确定的,如下:
//new Student();
//new Person();
//Student 能调用的方法都是自己的或继承父类的
Student s1 = new Student();
//Person 父类型,可以指向子类,但不能调用子类独有的方法
Person s2 = new Student();
Object s3 = new Student();
s2.run();//子类重写了父类的方法,执行子类的方法
s1.run();
//对象能执行哪些方法,主要看对象左边的类型,和对象右边关系不大
//Person里没有eat()方法,所以不能执行
s1.eat();
s2.eat();
}
}
对象能执行哪些方法,主要看对象左边的类型,和对象右边关系不大
package com.oop.demo09;
public class Person {
public void eat(){
System.out.println("爸爸在吃饭");
}
public void run(){
System.out.println("爸爸在跑步");
}
}
//子类
package com.oop.demo09;
public class Student extends Person {
}
//测试类
package com.oop;
import com.oop.demo09.Person;
import com.oop.demo09.Student;
public class Application {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Person s1 = new Student();
s1.eat();
s1.run();
}
}
多态注意事项
- 多态是方法的多态,属性没有多态
- 父类和子类需要有联系,如果没有联系,会报错:类型转换异常(ClassCastException)
- 存在条件:继承关系,方法需要重写,父类引用指向子类对象 Father f1 = new Son()
- 哪些方法不能重写:
- static 方法,属于类,它不属于实例;
- final 常量;
- private方法
面向对象13:instanceof和类型转换
instanof关键字
package com.oop.demo10;
public class Person {
}
//子类
package com.oop.demo10;
public class Student extends Person {
}
package com.oop.demo10;
public class Teacher extends Person {
}
//测试
package com.oop;
import com.oop.demo10.Person;
import com.oop.demo10.Student;
import com.oop.demo10.Teacher;
public class Application {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Object > String
//Object > Person > Teacher
//Object > Person > Student
Object object = new Student();
System.out.println(object instanceof Student); //true
System.out.println(object instanceof Person); //true
System.out.println(object instanceof Object); //true
System.out.println(object instanceof Teacher); //false
System.out.println(object instanceof String); //false
System.out.println("=====================================");
Person person = new Student();
System.out.println(person instanceof Student); //true
System.out.println(person instanceof Person); //true
System.out.println(person instanceof Object); //true
System.out.println(person instanceof Teacher); //false
//System.out.println(person instanceof String); //未编译就已报错
System.out.println("=====================================");
Student student = new Student();
System.out.println(student instanceof Student); //true
System.out.println(student instanceof Person); //true
System.out.println(student instanceof Object); //true
//System.out.println(student instanceof Teacher); //未编译就已报错
//ystem.out.println(student instanceof String); //未编译就已报错
}
}
高转低,需要强制转换
package com.oop.demo10;
public class Person {
public void eat(){
System.out.println("爸爸在吃饭!");
}
}
//子类
package com.oop.demo10;
public class Student extends Person {
public void eat1() {
System.out.println("儿子在吃饭");
}
}
package com.oop.demo10;
public class Teacher extends Person {
}
//测试
package com.oop;
import com.oop.demo10.Person;
import com.oop.demo10.Student;
import com.oop.demo10.Teacher;
public class Application {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//类型直接转换:父 子
//高 低 (低转高不需要强制转换)
Person student= new Student();
//将student这个对象转换为Student类型,我们就可以使用Student类型的方法了
Student student1 = (Student) student;
student1.eat1();
((Student) student).eat1();
}
}
低转高,不需要强制转换
package com.oop.demo10;
public class Person {
public void eat(){
System.out.println("爸爸在吃饭!");
}
}
//子类
package com.oop.demo10;
public class Student extends Person {
public void eat1() {
System.out.println("儿子在吃饭");
}
}
package com.oop.demo10;
public class Teacher extends Person {
}
//测试
package com.oop;
import com.oop.demo10.Person;
import com.oop.demo10.Student;
import com.oop.demo10.Teacher;
public class Application {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//低转高
Student student = new Student();
Person person = student;
//此时会报错,因为已经转换成Person类型
//person.eat1(); //子类转换为父类,可能会丢失自己原有的一些方法
person.eat();
}
}
总结
- 父类引用指向子类对象
- 把子类转换成父类,向上转型,不用强制转换
- 把父类转换成子类,向下转型,需要强制转换(会丢失一些方法)
- 方便方法的调用,减少重复的代码