注解和反射-Annotation
什么是注解
- 给计算机解释某个含义
- 可以被其他程序读取
//什么是注解?
public class dom1 extends Object{
//重写注解
@Override
public String toString() {
return super.toString();
}
}
- 格式:@注释名,还能添加一些参数值,如@注释名(value=” 参数 “)
- 额外的辅助信息
- 检查跟约束
内置注解
- @Override:重写方法
- @Deprecated:不推荐使用,但可以使用
- @SuppressWarnings:镇压警告,需要添加参数
import java.awt.*;
import java.security.AllPermission;
//什么是注解?
public class dom1 extends Object{
//重写注解
@Override
public String toString() {
return super.toString();
}
@Deprecated
public static void text(){
System.out.println("666");
}
@SuppressWarnings("all")
public void test(){
int xx;
List list = new List();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
text();
}
}
元注解
- 负责注解其他注解,本身也是逐渐
-
- @Target:描述注解的适用范围
- @Retention:描述注解的生命周期:RUNTIME>CLASS>SOUREC
- @Document:是否将注解生成在Doc中
- @Inherited:子类可以继承父类中的该注解
import java.lang.annotation.*;
//测试注解
public class dom02 {
@MyAnnotation
public void test(){}
}
//定义一个注解
@Target(value = ElementType.METHOD)
@Retention(value = RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Inherited
@interface MyAnnotation{}
自定义注解
- 自动继承Annotation接口
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;
//自定义注解
public class dom3 {
//注解可以显式赋值,没有默认值就必须给注解赋值
@Test(name = "aaa")
public void test(){}
@Test2("00")//只有一个参数就是value,value可省略
public void test2(){}
}
@Target({ElementType.METHOD})
@interface Test{
//注解的参数:参数类型+参数名() 默认值
String name() default "";
int age() default 18;
int id() default -1; //默认值为-1代表不存在
String[] come() default {"010101","333"};
}
@Target({ElementType.METHOD})
@interface Test2{
String value();
}
反射概述
-
反射机制:Reflection
-
动态语言:可以在运行时改变结构的语言
-
静态语言:不能改!
-
java属于静态语言,但反射机制可以给其动态语言的特性—“准动态语言”;
-
反射:透过镜子看到类的结构
正常方法:引入包类名称-》new实例化-》实例化对象
反射方法:实例化对象-》getClass()方法-》取得包类名称
function f(){
var x = "var a = 3 ; var b = s; alert(a+b)";
eval(x);
}
获得反射对象
- 动态创建对象和编译,灵活性
- 对性能有影响,操作慢于直接执行的操作
//什么叫反射
public class dom4 extends Object{
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
//通过反射获取class对象
Class c1 = Class.forName("study1.User");
System.out.println(c1);
//一个类在内存中只有一个class对象
//一个类被加载后,类的整个结构都会被封装在class对象中
Class c2 = Class.forName("study1.User");
Class c3 = Class.forName("study1.User");
Class c4 = Class.forName("study1.User");
System.out.println(c2.hashCode());
System.out.println(c3.hashCode());
System.out.println(c4.hashCode());
}
}
//实体类
class User{
private String name;
private int id;
public User(){
}
public User(String name,int id){
this.name = name;
this.id = id;
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "User{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", id=" + id +
'}';
}
}
得到class类的几种方法
//测试创建class类的方法有哪些
public class dom5 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
Person person = new Student();
System.out.println(person.name);
//通过对象获得
Class c1 = person.getClass();
System.out.println(c1.hashCode());
//forname获得
Class c2 = Class.forName("study1.Student");
System.out.println(c2.hashCode());
//类名.class获得
Class c3 = Student.class;
System.out.println(c3.hashCode());
//基本内置属性的包装类都有Type属性
Class c4 = Integer.TYPE;
System.out.println(c4.hashCode());
//获得父类类型
Class c5 = c1.getSuperclass();
System.out.println(c5);
}
}
class Person{
public String name;
public Person() {
}
public Person(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
'}';
}
}
class Student extends Person{
public Student(String name){
this.name = "学生";
}
}
class Teacher extends Person{
public Teacher(){
this.name = "老师";
}
}
所有类型的class对象
package study1;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
//所有类型的class
public class dom6 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Class c1 = Object.class; //类
Class c2 = Comparable.class; //接口
Class c3 = String[].class; // 数组
Class c4 = int[][].class; //二维数组
Class c5 = Override.class; // 注解
Class c6 = ElementType.class; // 枚举
Class c7 = Integer.class; //基本数据类型
Class c8 = void.class; //void
Class c9 = Class.class; //Class
System.out.println(c1);
System.out.println(c2);
System.out.println(c3);
System.out.println(c4);
System.out.println(c5);
System.out.println(c6);
System.out.println(c7);
System.out.println(c8);
System.out.println(c9);
//元素类型与维度一样,就是同一个class
int[] a = new int[10];
int[] b = new int[100];
System.out.println(a.getClass().hashCode());
System.out.println(b.getClass().hashCode());
}
}
类加载内存分析
- 核心思想:java的内存理解:堆,栈,常量池,方法区
package study1;
public class dom7 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
A a = new A();
System.out.println(A.a);
/**
*1.将class类加载到内存中,生成java。long。class对象
* 2.链接:将验证类的信息是否符合JVM虚拟机规范,安全问题,正式为类变量分配内存(堆区)并设置类变量初始值
* 3.初始化:执行类构造器<client>()方法,new时堆区的class对象回头到方法区自动收集变量的赋值动作和静态代码块中的
* 语句并合并代码,类构造器构造的是类的全部信息,不是类对象,JVM保证一个类的<client>()方法在多线程中被正确加锁和同步。
*
* */
}
}
class A{
static {
System.out.println("A类静态代码块初始化");
a = 300;
}
static int a = 100;
public A (){
System.out.println("A类无参构造初始化");
}
}
分析类的初始化
//测试什么时候会初始化
public class dom8 {
static {
System.out.println("Main方法被加载");
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
//主动引用
//Son son = new Son();
//反射产生主动引用
//Class.forName("study1.Son");
//不会产生类的初始化
//通过子类调用父类方法不初始化子类
//System.out.println(Son.b);
//数组定义类引用
//Son[] array = new Son[1];
//引用常量
//System.out.println(Son.A);
}
}
class Father{
static int b = 2;
static {
System.out.println("父类被加载");
}
}
class Son extends Father{
static {
System.out.println("子类被加载");
a = 300;
}
static int a = 100;
static final int A = 1;//静态常量
}
类加载器
public class dom9 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
//自底向上检查是否已装载
//获取系统类加载器---sun.misc.Launcher$AppClassLoader@xxx
ClassLoader systemClassLoader = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
System.out.println(systemClassLoader);
//获取类加载器的父类加载器->扩展类加载器---sun.misc.Launcher$ExtClassLoader@
ClassLoader parent = systemClassLoader.getParent();
System.out.println(parent);
//获取扩展类加载器的父类-->引导加载器(核心!C++编写的,用户不能直接获取)---null
ClassLoader parent1 = parent.getParent();
System.out.println(parent1);
//测试当前类是哪个加载器
ClassLoader classLoader = Class.forName("study1.dom9").getClassLoader();
System.out.println(classLoader);
//测试Jdk内部类由谁加载
classLoader = Class.forName("java.lang.Object").getClassLoader();
System.out.println(classLoader);
//如何获得系统类加载器可以加载的路径
System.out.println(System.getProperty("java.class.path"));
//双亲委派机制--多重检测,检测包安全性,避免包名重复
}
}
获取类运行时结构
- 属性:Field
- 方法:Method
- 构造器:Constructor
- 接口:Interface
- 注解:Annotation
- Superclass:继承的父类
import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
//获取类的信息
public class dom10 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
Class c1 = Class.forName("study1.Son");
System.out.println(c1.getName()); //获得包名,类名
System.out.println(c1.getSimpleName()); //获得类名
//获得类的属性
Field[] fields = c1.getFields();//public属性
fields = c1.getDeclaredFields();//全部属性
for (Field field : fields) {
System.out.println(field);
}
//获得类的方法
for (Method method : c1.getMethods()) {
System.out.println(method);
}
//获得类的构造器
for (Constructor constructor : c1.getConstructors()) {
System.out.println(constructor);
}
for (Constructor declaredConstructor : c1.getDeclaredConstructors()) {
System.out.println(declaredConstructor);
}
}
}
动态创建对象执行方法
- 调用Class对象的newInstance方法
- setAccessible:安全检查,跳过权限检测:method,Field,Constructor
import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
public class dom11 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException, NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException {
Class c1 = Class.forName("study1.Son");
Son o = (Son) c1.newInstance();
System.out.println(o);
//通过构造器创建对象---调用有参构造器
Constructor declaredConstructor = c1.getDeclaredConstructor(String.class,"");
Son o1 = (Son) declaredConstructor.newInstance("");
//通过反射调用普通方法
Son o2 = (Son) c1.newInstance();
Method declaredMethod = c1.getDeclaredMethod("",String.class);
//激活方法
declaredConstructor.invoke("对象","方法值");
//通过反射操作属性,不能直接操作属性,需要执行关闭安全检查
Son o3 = (Son)c1.newInstance();
}
}
性能对比分析
- 测试结果:
普通方法:32ms
反射方法:20677ms
关闭检查:779ms
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
//分析性能,执行一亿次
public class dom12 {
//普通方法
public static void test1() throws NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException, IllegalAccessException {
User user = new User();
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
for (int i = 0; i < 100000000; i++) {
user.getName();
}
long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("普通方法:" +(endTime-startTime)+"ms");
}
//反射调用
public static void test2() throws NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException, IllegalAccessException {
User user = new User();
Class c1 = user.getClass();
Method getName = c1.getDeclaredMethod("getName", null);
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
for (int i = 0; i < 100000000; i++) {
//激活方法: 对象名,参数
getName.invoke(user,null);
}
long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("反射方法:" +(endTime-startTime)+"ms");
}
//关闭检查
public static void test3() throws NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException, IllegalAccessException {
User user = new User();
Class c1 = user.getClass();
Method getName = c1.getDeclaredMethod("getName", null);
//关闭安全检查
getName.setAccessible(true);
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
for (int i = 0; i < 100000000; i++) {
//激活方法: 对象名,参数
getName.invoke(user,null);
}
long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("关闭检查:" +(endTime-startTime)+"ms");
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InvocationTargetException, NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException {
test1();
test2();
test3();
}
}
获取泛型信息 *
//通过反射获取泛型信息
public class dom13 {
public void test(Map<String,User>map, List<User>list){
System.out.println("test");
}
public Map<String,User> test2 (){
System.out.println("test2");
return null;
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws NoSuchMethodException {
Method test = dom13.class.getMethod("test", Map.class, List.class);
for (Type genericParameterType : test.getGenericParameterTypes()) {
System.out.println(genericParameterType);
if(genericParameterType instanceof ParameterizedType){
for (Type actualTypeArgument : ((ParameterizedType) genericParameterType).getActualTypeArguments()) {
System.out.println(actualTypeArgument);
}
}
}
}
}
获取注解信息
- ORM->对象关系映射
import java.lang.annotation.*;
import java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedType;
public class dom14 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchFieldException {
Class c1 = Class.forName("study1.Student2");
//通过反射获得注解
for (Annotation annotation : c1.getAnnotations()) {
System.out.println(annotation);
}
//获得注解的value
Table annotation = (Table)c1.getAnnotation(Table.class);
String value = annotation.value();
System.out.println(value);
//获得类指定的注解
Field f = c1.getDeclaredField("name");
Field annotation1 = f.getAnnotation(Field.class);
System.out.println(annotation1.col());
System.out.println(annotation1.length());
System.out.println(annotation1.type());
}
}
@Table("student")
class Student2{
@Field(col = "id",type = "int",length = 10)
private int id;
@Field(col = "age",type = "int",length = 10)
private int age;
@Field(col = "name",type = "varchar",length = 5)
private String name;
public Student2() {
}
public Student2(int id ,int age,String name){
this.age = age;
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
}
public Student2(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Student2{" +
"id=" + id +
", age=" + age +
", name='" + name + '\'' +
'}';
}
}
//类名的注解
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@interface Table{
String value();
}
//属性的注解
@Target(ElementType.FIELD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@interface Field{
String col();
String type();
int length();
}