2203-python基础知识

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前言

总结了python的一些基础知识，包括简单函数，列表、元组、字典，if语句等

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一、基础1

1.输出

print("hello python interpreter!")
message = "Hello World"
print(message)

2.大小写函数

message = "Hello World"
print(message.upper())
print(message.lower())

3.合并(拼接)字符串

#+
first_name = 'ada'
last_name = 'lovelace'
full_name = first_name+' '+last_name
print(full_name)
print("Hello,"+full_name.title()+"!")

4.删除空白

#rstrip,lstrip,strip
str = "    python   "
print(str.rstrip())
print(str.lstrip())
print(str.strip())

二、列表简介

1.列表

用方括号 [ ]表示列表，并用逗号分隔其中的元素

bicycles = ['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized']
print(bicycles)

访问列表元素：索引从0而不是1开始

bicycles = ['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized']
print(bicycles[0])

修改列表元素

bicycles = ['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized']
bicycles[0] = 'trek_new'
print(bicycles)

在列表中添加元素

#在列表末尾添加元素 append()
bicycles = ['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized']
bicycles.append('ducati')
print(bicycles)

#在列表中插入元素 insert()
bicycles = ['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized']
bicycles.insert(0,'ducati')
print(bicycles)

从列表中删除元素

#1
#使用del删除元素
#条件：知道元素在列表中的位置
bicycles = ['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized']
del bicycles[0]
print(bicycles)

#2
#使用pop()删除元素
#将元素从列表中的位置删除，并接着使用它的值；方法pop()可删除列表末尾的元素，并让你接着使用它；
#列表就像一个栈，而删除列表末尾的元素相当于弹出栈顶的元素
bicycles = ['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized']
popped_bicycle = bicycles.pop()
print(bicycles)

#3
#弹出列表任何位置的元素
#可以使用pop()来删除列表元素的位置，只需在括号中指定要删除的元素的索引即可
bicycles = ['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized']
popped_bicycle = bicycles.pop(0)
print(popped_bicycle)

#4
#根据值删除元素 remove()
bicycles = ['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized']
bicycles.remove('cannondale')
print(bicycles)

2.组织列表

使用方法sort()对列表进行永久性排序

bicycles = ['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized']
bicycles.sort()
print(bicycles)

使用函数sorted()对列表进行临时排序

bicycles = ['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized']
print(sorted(bicycles))
print(bicycles)

倒着打印列表 reverse()

bicycles = ['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized']
bicycles.reverse()
print(bicycles)

确定列表的长度 len()

bicycles = ['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized']
print(bicycles)

用方括号 [ ]表示列表，并用逗号分隔其中的元素

bicycles = ['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized']
print(len(bicycles))

三、列表操作

1.遍历整个列表----for循环

bicycles = ['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized']
for bicycle in bicycles:
    print(bicycle)

2.创建数值列表

#1
#使用函数range()生成一系列的数字，使用range()让Python从指定的第一个值开始，并在指定的第二个值后停止
#打印出数字1~4
for value in range(1,5):
    print(value)
    
#2
#使用函数list()将range()的结果直接转换成列表
numbers = list(range(1,6))
print(numbers)

#3
#使用函数range()时，还可以指定步长
#从2开始数，然后不断的加2，直到达到或超过终值11
event_numbers = list(range(2,11,2))
print(event_numbers)

#4
#创建一个列表，其中包含前10个整数的平方加入一个列表中
squares=[]
for value in range(1,11):
    square = value**2
    squares.append(square)
    
    print(squares)

3.列表解析

squares = [value**2 for value in range(1,11)]
print(squares)

4.使用列表的一部分

切片

squares = [value**2 for value in range(1,11)]
print(squares[2:8])

遍历切片

squares = [value**2 for value in range(1,11)]
for square in squares[0:7]:
    print(square)

复制列表：方法是同时省略起始索引和终值索引（[:]）

squares = [value**2 for value in range(1,11)]
new_aquares = squares[:]
print(new_aquares)

四、元组

1.定义元组：使用圆括号来标识

dimensions = (200,50)
print(dimensions[0])
print(dimensions[1])

试图修改元组的操作是禁止的

dimensions = (200,50)
dimensions[0]=250 #报错

2.遍历元组中的所有值

dimensions = (200,50)
for dimension in dimensions:
    print(dimension)

3.修改元组的变量

虽然不能改变元组的元素，但可以给存储的变量赋值

dimensions = (200,50)
print("Original dimensions:")
for dimension in dimensions:
    print(dimension)

dimensions = (400,100)
print("\nModified dimensions:")
for dimension in dimensions:
    print(dimension)

五、if语句

示例

cars = ['audi','bmw','subaru','toyotal']
for car in cars:
    if car == 'bmw':
        print(car.upper())
    else:
        print(car.title())

检查多个条件

#and
age1 = 20
age2 = 18
age1 > 10 and ane2<20

#or
age1 = 20
age2 = 18
age1 > 10 or ane2<20

#检查特定值是否包含在列表中
bicycles = ['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized']
'trek' in bicycles

布尔表达式

game_active = True
can_edit = False

if语句

#简单的if语句
bicycles = ['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized']
if 'trek' in bicycles:
    print ("trek in bicycles")

#if-else语句
bicycles = ['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized']
if 'trek' in bicycles:
    print ("trek in bicycles")
else :
    print("trek not in bicycles")

#if-elif-else语句
age = 12
if age<4:
    print("Your admission cost is 0$")
elif age<18:
    print("Your admission cost is $5")
else:
    print("Your admission cost is $10")

六、字典

1.字典放在花括号{ }中的一系列键值对表示

#使用字典
alien_0 ={'color':'green','points':5}
print(alien_0['color'])
print(alien_0['points'])

#访问字典的值
alien_0 ={'color':'green','points':5}
new_points = alien_0['points']
print("Your earned"+str(new_points)+"  points")  #将整数转换成字符串

#添加键-值对
#python不关心键值对的添加顺序，而只关心键和值之间的关联关系
alien_0 ={'color':'green','points':5}
print(alien_0)
alien_0['x_position'] = 0
alien_0['y_position'] = 25
print(alien_0) 

#创建空字典
alien_0 = {}
alien_0['color'] = 'green'
alien_0['points'] = 5
print(alien_0)

#修改字典中的值
alien_0 = {'color':'green'}
print(alien_0)
alien_0['color'] = 'red'
print(alien_0)

#删除键-值对 del
alien_0 = {'color':'green','points':5}
print(alien_0)
del alien_0['points']
print(alien_0)

2.遍历所有键-值对 items()

#方法items()返回一个键-值对列表，for循环依次将每个键-值对存储到指定的两个变量中
alien_0 = {'color':'green','points':5}
for key,value in alien_0.items():
    print("\nkey: "+key)
    print("value: "+str(value))

3.遍历字典中的所有键 方法key()

#遍历字典中的所有键  方法key()
alien_0 = {'color':'green','points':5}
for name in alien_0.keys():
    print(name.title())

4.遍历字典中的所有值 方法value()

favorite_languages = {
    'jen':'python',
    'sarah':'C',
    'edward':'ruby'}
for language in favorite_languages.values():
    print(language.title())

favorite_languages = {
    'jen':'python',
    'sarah':'C',
    'edward':'ruby'}
friends = ['jen','edward']
for name in favorite_languages.keys():
    print(name.title())
    if name in friends:
        print("hi" +name.title()+"I see your favorate language is "
              +favorite_languages[name].title())

5.按顺序遍历字典中的所有键 sorted()

#在遍历前对列表进行排序
favorite_languages = {
    'jen':'python',
    'sarah':'C',
    'edward':'ruby'}
for name in sorted(favorite_languages.keys()):
    print(name.title()+ " ,thank you for taking the poll")

6.剔除重复项 集合set()

favorite_languages = {
    'jen':'python',
    'sarah':'C',
    'edward':'ruby',
    'phil':'python'}
for language in set(favorite_languages.values()):
    print(language.title())

7.嵌套

alien0 = {'color':'green','points':65}
alien1 = {'color':'red','points':5}
alien2 = {'color':'yellow','points':10}
aliens = [alien0,alien1,alien2]
for alien in aliens:
    print(alien)

#使用range()生成外星人
aliens =[]
for alien_number in range(30):
    new_alien = {'color':'green','points':6,'speed':'slow'}
    aliens.append(new_alien)

for alien in aliens[:5]:
    print(alien)

8.在字典中存储列表

pizza = {
    'crust':'thick',
    'toppings':['mushrooms','extra','cheese']
    }
print("Your ordered a " + pizza['crust'] +"-crust pizza "
      +"with the follow toppings:")

for topping in pizza['toppings']:
    print("\t"+topping)

7.在字典中存储字典

users = {
    'aeinstein':{
        'first':'albert',
        'last':'einstein',
        'location':'princeton',
        },
    'mcurie':{
        'first':'marie',
        'last':'curie',
        'location':'paris',
        },
    }

for username,userinfo in users.items():
    print("\nUsername:"+ username)
    full_name = userinfo['first']+userinfo['last']
    location = userinfo['location']
    
    print("\tFull name:"+ full_name.title())
    print("\tLocation:"+location.title())