目录
分类方式1:我们按内查询的结果返回一条还是多条记录,将子查询分为 单行子查询 、 多行子查询 。
分类方式2: 我们按内查询是否被执行多次,将子查询划分为 相关(或关联)子查询 和 不相关(或非关联)子查询
题目:返回job_id与141号员工相同,salary比143号员工多的员工姓名,job_id和工资
题目:返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary
题目:查询与141号或174号员工的manager_id和department_id相同的其他员工的employee_id, manager_id,department_id
3.选择工资大于所有JOB_ID = 'SA_MAN'的员工的工资的员工的last_name, job_id, salary
4.查询和姓名中包含字母u的员工在相同部门的员工的员工号和姓名
5.查询在部门的location_id为1700的部门工作的员工的员工号
7.查询工资最低的员工信息: last_name, salary
9.查询平均工资最低的部门信息和该部门的平均工资(相关子查询)
13. 各个部门中 最高工资中最低的那个部门的 最低工资是多少?
14. 查询平均工资最高的部门的 manager 的详细信息: last_name, department_id, email, salary
15. 查询部门的部门号,其中不包括job_id是"ST_CLERK"的部门号
17.查询员工号、姓名、雇用时间、工资,其中员工的管理者为 'De Haan'
18.查询各部门中工资比本部门平均工资高的员工的员工号, 姓名和工资(难)
1. 需求分析与问题解决
1.1 实际问题
#方式一:
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel';
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 11000;
#方式二:自连接
SELECT e2.last_name,e2.salary
FROM employees e1,employees e2
WHERE e1.last_name = 'Abel'
AND e1.`salary` < e2.`salary`
#方式三:子查询
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
);
1.2 子查询的基本使用
1.3 子查询的分类
分类方式1:我们按内查询的结果返回一条还是多条记录,将子查询分为 单行子查询 、 多行子查询 。
分类方式2: 我们按内查询是否被执行多次,将子查询划分为 相关(或关联)子查询 和 不相关(或非关联)子查询
2. 单行子查询
2.1 单行比较操作符
2.2 代码示例
题目:返回job_id与141号员工相同,salary比143号员工多的员工姓名,job_id和工资
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id =
(SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141)
AND salary >
(SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143);
题目:返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary =
(SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees);
题目:查询与141号或174号员工的manager_id和department_id相同的其他员工的employee_id, manager_id,department_id
SELECT employee_id, manager_id, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN
(SELECT manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (174,141))
AND department_id IN
(SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (174,141))
AND employee_id NOT IN(174,141);
实现方式2:成对比较
SELECT employee_id, manager_id, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE (manager_id, department_id) IN
(SELECT manager_id, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (141,174))
AND employee_id NOT IN (141,174);
2.3 HAVING 中的子查询
SELECT department_id, MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary) >
(SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50);
2.4 CASE中的子查询
SELECT employee_id, last_name,(CASE department_id WHEN
(SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id = 1800)
THEN 'Canada' ELSE 'USA' END) location
FROM employees;
2.5 子查询中的空值问题
SELECT last_name, job_id
FROM employees
WHERE job_id =
(SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Haas');
2.5 非法使用子查询
SELECT employee_id, last_name
FROM employees
WHERE salary =
(SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id);
3. 多行子查询
也称为集合比较子查询内查询返回多行使用多行比较操作符
3.1 多行比较操作符
3.2 代码示例
题目:查询平均工资最低的部门id
#方式1:
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (
SELECT MIN(avg_sal)
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) dept_avg_sal
);
#方式2:
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) <= ALL (
SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
);
3.3 空值问题
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id NOT IN (
SELECT manager_id
FROM employees
);
4. 相关子查询
4.1 相关子查询执行流程
4.2 代码示例
SELECT last_name,salary,e1.department_id
FROM employees e1,
(SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) dept_avg_sal FROM employees GROUP
BY department_id) e2
WHERE e1.`department_id` = e2.department_id
AND e2.dept_avg_sal < e1.`salary`;
from型的子查询:子查询是作为from的一部分,子查询要用()引起来, 并且要给这个子查询取别名, 把它当成一张“临时的虚拟的表”来使用。
SELECT employee_id,salary
FROM employees e
ORDER BY (
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
);
SELECT e.employee_id, last_name,e.job_id
FROM employees e
WHERE 2 <= (SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM job_history
WHERE employee_id = e.employee_id);
4.3 EXISTS 与 NOT EXISTS关键字
SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, department_id
FROM employees e1
WHERE EXISTS ( SELECT *
FROM employees e2
WHERE e2.manager_id =
e1.employee_id);
方式二:自连接
SELECT DISTINCT e1.employee_id, e1.last_name, e1.job_id, e1.department_id
FROM employees e1 JOIN employees e2
WHERE e1.employee_id = e2.manager_id;
方式三:
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (
SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
FROM employees
);
SELECT department_id, department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 'X'
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = d.department_id);
4.4 相关更新
UPDATE table1 alias1
SET column = (SELECT expression
FROM table2 alias2
WHERE alias1.column = alias2.column);
# 1)
ALTER TABLE employees
ADD(department_name VARCHAR2(14));
# 2)
UPDATE employees e
SET department_name = (SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id);
4.5 相关删除
DELETE FROM table1 alias1
WHERE column operator (SELECT expression
FROM table2 alias2
WHERE alias1.column = alias2.column);
DELETE FROM employees e
WHERE employee_id in
(SELECT employee_id
FROM emp_history
WHERE employee_id = e.employee_id);
5. 抛一个思考题
#方式1:自连接
SELECT e2.last_name,e2.salary
FROM employees e1,employees e2
WHERE e1.last_name = 'Abel'
AND e1.`salary` < e2.`salary`
#方式2:子查询
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
);
6. 章节练习
1.查询和Zlotkey相同部门的员工姓名和工资
SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Zlotkey');
2.查询工资比公司平均工资高的员工的员工号,姓名和工资
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees);
3.选择工资大于所有JOB_ID = 'SA_MAN'的员工的工资的员工的last_name, job_id, salary
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > ALL (SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'SA_MAN');
4.查询和姓名中包含字母u的员工在相同部门的员工的员工号和姓名
# 1 自连接
SELECT DISTINCT e1.employee_id, e1.last_name
FROM employees e1
JOIN employees e2
ON e1.department_id = e2.department_id
AND e2.last_name LIKE '%u%';
# 2 子查询
SELECT DISTINCT employee_id, last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '%u%');
5.查询在部门的location_id为1700的部门工作的员工的员工号
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id = 1700);
6.查询他的管理者是King的员工姓名和工资
# 1 自连接
SELECT e1.last_name, e1.salary
FROM employees e1
JOIN employees e2 ON e1.manager_id = e2.employee_id
AND e2.last_name = 'King';
# 2 子查询
SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN (SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'King');
7.查询工资最低的员工信息: last_name, salary
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary = (SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees);
8.查询平均工资最低的部门信息
# 1 从内往外写 一层层嵌套
SELECT *
FROM departments d1
WHERE department_id = (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (SELECT MIN(avg_sal)
FROM (SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id) t_dept_avg_sal));
# 2 用ALL优化最内层两个合并为一个
SELECT *
FROM departments d1
WHERE department_id = (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) <= ALL (
(SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id)));
# 3 使用LIMIT优化搜索最小平均值的部门
SELECT *
FROM departments
WHERE department_id = (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY avg_sal
LIMIT 1));
# 4 使用LIMIT的基础上添加一个和部门表可以关联的部门id字段,然后作为表和部门表自连接查询
SELECT d.*
FROM departments d,(
SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY avg_sal
LIMIT 0,1) dept_avg_sal
WHERE d.department_id = dept_avg_sal.department_id
9.查询平均工资最低的部门信息和该部门的平均工资(相关子查询)
只需要把第八题搜索出来的部门id放入SELECT中进行一个子查询,因为FROM优先于SELECT实现,所以可以直接在SELECT中使用d的别名
# 1 从内往外写 一层层嵌套
SELECT d.*, (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees WHERE department_id = d.`department_id`)
FROM departments d
WHERE department_id = (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (SELECT MIN(avg_sal)
FROM (SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id) t_dept_avg_sal));
# 2 用ALL优化最内层两个合并为一个
SELECT d.*, (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees WHERE department_id = d.`department_id`)
FROM departments d
WHERE department_id = (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) <= ALL (
(SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id)));
# 3 使用LIMIT优化搜索最小平均值的部门
SELECT d.*, (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees WHERE department_id = d.`department_id`)
FROM departments d
WHERE department_id = (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY avg_sal
LIMIT 1));
# 4 使用LIMIT的基础上添加一个和部门表可以关联的部门id字段,然后作为表和部门表自连接查询
SELECT d.*, (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees WHERE department_id = d.`department_id`)
FROM departments d,
(SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY avg_sal
LIMIT 0,1) dept_avg_sal
WHERE d.department_id = dept_avg_sal.department_id;
10.查询平均工资最高的 job 信息
# 1 从内往外写 一层层嵌套
SELECT *
FROM jobs
WHERE job_id = (SELECT job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (SELECT MAX(avg_sal)
FROM (SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id) t_avg_job_sal));
# 2 用ALL优化最内层两个合并为一个
SELECT *
FROM jobs
WHERE job_id = (SELECT job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
HAVING AVG(salary) >= ALL (SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id));
# 3 使用LIMIT优化搜索最大平均值的部门
SELECT *
FROM jobs
WHERE job_id = (SELECT job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
ORDER BY avg_sal DESC
LIMIT 1));
# 4 使用LIMIT的基础上添加一个和部门表可以关联的部门id字段,然后作为表和部门表自连接查询
SELECT j.*
FROM jobs j,
(SELECT job_id, AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
ORDER BY avg_sal DESC
LIMIT 1) job_avg_sal
WHERE j.job_id = job_avg_sal.job_id;
11. 查询平均工资高于公司平均工资的部门有哪些?
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id is not null
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) > (SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees);
12. 查询出公司中所有 manager 的详细信息
# 方式1:
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (
SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
FROM employees
);
# 方式2:
SELECT DISTINCT e1.employee_id, e1.last_name, e1.salary
FROM employees e1 JOIN employees e2
WHERE e1.employee_id = e2.manager_id;
# 方式3:
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary
FROM employees e1
WHERE EXISTS ( SELECT *
FROM employees e2
WHERE e2.manager_id = e1.employee_id);
13. 各个部门中 最高工资中最低的那个部门的 最低工资是多少?
# 1 从内往外写 一层层嵌套
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING department_id = (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MAX(salary) = (SELECT MIN(max_sal)
FROM (SELECT MAX(salary) max_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id) max_dpm_sal));
# 2 用ALL优化最内层两个合并为一个
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING department_id = (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MAX(salary) <= ALL (SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id));
# 3 使用LIMIT优化搜索最大平均值的部门
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MAX(salary) = (SELECT MAX(salary) max_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY max_sal ASC
LIMIT 1));
# 4 使用LIMIT的基础上添加一个和部门表可以关联的部门id字段,然后作为表和部门表自连接查询
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees e, (
SELECT department_id, MAX(salary) max_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY max_sal
LIMIT 1
) t_dmp_max_sal
WHERE e.department_id = t_dmp_max_sal.department_id
14. 查询平均工资最高的部门的 manager 的详细信息: last_name, department_id, email, salary
# 1 从内往外写 一层层嵌套
SELECT last_name, department_id, email, salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (SELECT MAX(avg_dmp_sal)
FROM (SELECT AVG(salary) avg_dmp_sal
# 2 用ALL优化最内层两个合并为一个
SELECT last_name, department_id, email, salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) >= ALL (SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id)));
# 3 使用LIMIT的基础上添加一个和部门表可以关联的部门id字段,然后作为表和部门表自连接查询
SELECT last_name, department_id, email, salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (SELECT DISTINCT e.manager_id
FROM employees e,
(SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY avg_sal DESC
LIMIT 1) t_max_dmp_sal
WHERE e.department_id = t_max_dmp_sal.department_id);
15. 查询部门的部门号,其中不包括job_id是"ST_CLERK"的部门号
# 方式1
SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE department_id NOT IN (
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'ST_CLERK'
);
# 方式2
SELECT department_id
FROM departments d
WHERE NOT EXISTS(
SELECT *
FROM employees e
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id
AND e.job_id = 'ST_CLERK'
)
16. 选择所有没有管理者的员工的last_name
SELECT last_name
FROM employees emp
WHERE NOT EXISTS(
SELECT *
FROM employees mgr
WHERE emp.manager_id = mgr.employee_id
)
17.查询员工号、姓名、雇用时间、工资,其中员工的管理者为 'De Haan'
# 方式1
SELECT last_name
FROM employees emp
WHERE NOT EXISTS(
SELECT *
FROM employees mgr
WHERE emp.manager_id = mgr.employee_id
)
# 方式2
SELECT employee_id, last_name, hire_date, salary
FROM employees e1
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT *
FROM employees e2
WHERE e2.`employee_id` = e1.manager_id
AND e2.last_name = 'De Haan');
18.查询各部门中工资比本部门平均工资高的员工的员工号, 姓名和工资(难)
#方式一:相关子查询
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary
FROM employees e1
WHERE salary > (
# 查询某员工所在部门的平均
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees e2
WHERE e2.department_id = e1.`department_id`);
#方式二:
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary
FROM employees e1,
(SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees e2
GROUP BY department_id) dept_avg_sal
WHERE e1.`department_id` = dept_avg_sal.department_id
AND e1.`salary` > dept_avg_sal.avg_sal;
19.查询每个部门下的部门人数大于 5 的部门名称
SELECT department_name, department_id
FROM departments d
WHERE 5 < (SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employees e
WHERE d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`);