Python3 部分内建高阶函数

1、map()

• Map() 是一种内置的 Python 函数，它可以将函数应用于各种数据结构中的元素，如列表或字典。
• 对于这种运算来说，这是一种非常干净而且可读的执行方式。

def square_it_func(a):
    return a * a

x = map(square_it_func, [1, 4, 7])
print(x)
print(list(x))

def multiplier_func(a, b):
    return a * b

x = map(multiplier_func, [1, 4, 7], [2, 5, 8])
print(x)
print(list(x))

<map object at 0x00000000074C4048>
[1, 16, 49]
<map object at 0x00000000074C4A88>
[2, 20, 56]

2、filter()

Init signature: filter(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
Docstring:     
filter(function or None, iterable) --> filter object

Return an iterator yielding those items of iterable for which function(item)
is true. If function is None, return the items that are true.

• filter 内置函数与 map 函数非常相似，它也将函数应用于序列结构（列表、元组、字典）。
• 二者的关键区别在于 filter()将只返回应用函数返回 True 的元素。

# Our numbers
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]

# Function that filters out all numbers which are odd
def filter_odd_numbers(num):
    return True if num % 2 == 0 else False

filtered_numbers = filter(filter_odd_numbers, numbers)

print(filtered_numbers)
print(list(filtered_numbers))

<filter object at 0x00000000074B8C88>
[2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14]

• 对可迭代对象进行遍历，返回一个迭代器
• function 参数是一个参数的函数，且返回值应当是 bool 类型，或其返回值等效于 bool 值
• function 参数如果是 None，可迭代对象的每一个元素自身等效 bool 值

list(filter(None, range(-5, 5)))
# [-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4]

list(filter(None, [1, 0, [], {}, (0, ), None, False, True]))
# [1, (0,), True]

list(filter(lambda x: x%3 ==0 and x%2 == 0, range(29)))
# [0, 6, 12, 18, 24]

list1 = ['asv', 'avv', 'rrr']
print(list(filter(lambda x:x.startswith('a'), list1)))
# ['asv', 'av']

3、sorted

Signature: sorted(iterable, /, *, key=None, reverse=False)
Docstring:
Return a new list containing all items from the iterable in ascending order.

A custom key function can be supplied to customize the sort order, and the
reverse flag can be set to request the result in descending order.

nums = list(range(6))
print(1, nums)
print(2, sorted(nums, key=int))
print(3, sorted(nums, key=lambda x: 6-x))
print(4, sorted(nums, key=str, reverse=True))
print(5, nums)  # 对原对象没有影响

1 [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
2 [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
3 [5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]
4 [5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]
5 [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

4、sorted 与 list.sort 区别

Signature: list.sort(self, /, *, key=None, reverse=False)
Docstring: Stable sort *IN PLACE*.
Type:      method_descriptor

nums = list(range(6))
print(nums)
print(nums.sort(key=lambda x: 6-x))
print(nums)

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
None
[5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]