公共祖先模板（DFS/Tarjan+倍增）

DFS

• 步骤：
  • 先求出fa[u][j]表示u节点的第 j个祖先是哪个节点，
  • 将两个节点a，b初始化成在同一层
  • 每一层k，判断一下f[a][k]和f[b][k]是否相等来判断是否是他们的公共祖先

代码

#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>

using namespace std;

const int N = 40010, M = N * 2;

int n, m;
int h[N], e[M], ne[M], idx;
int depth[N], fa[N][16];
int q[N];

void add(int a, int b)
{
    e[idx] = b, ne[idx] = h[a], h[a] = idx ++ ;
}

void bfs(int root)//用bfsfa[u][15];
{
    memset(depth, 0x3f, sizeof depth);
    depth[0] = 0, depth[root] = 1;
    int hh = 0, tt = 0;
    q[0] = root;
    while (hh <= tt)
    {
        int t = q[hh ++ ];
        for (int i = h[t]; ~i; i = ne[i])
        {
            int j = e[i];
            if (depth[j] > depth[t] + 1)
            {
                depth[j] = depth[t] + 1;
                q[ ++ tt] = j;
                fa[j][0] = t;
                for (int k = 1; k <= 15; k ++ )
                    fa[j][k] = fa[fa[j][k - 1]][k - 1];
            }
        }
    }
}

int lca(int a, int b)
{
    if (depth[a] < depth[b]) swap(a, b);
    for (int k = 15; k >= 0; k -- )//先把两个节点放在同一个层
        if (depth[fa[a][k]] >= depth[b])
            a = fa[a][k];
    if (a == b) return a;
    for (int k = 15; k >= 0; k -- )//不断从上往下走，看那一层开始公共祖先节点
        if (fa[a][k] != fa[b][k])
        {
            a = fa[a][k];
            b = fa[b][k];
        }
    return fa[a][0];
}

int main()
{
    scanf("%d", &n);
    int root = 0;
    memset(h, -1, sizeof h);

    for (int i = 0; i < n; i ++ )
    {
        int a, b;
        scanf("%d%d", &a, &b);
        if (b == -1) root = a;
        else add(a, b), add(b, a);
    }

    bfs(root);

    scanf("%d", &m);
    while (m -- )
    {
        int a, b;
        scanf("%d%d", &a, &b);
        int p = lca(a, b);
        if (p == a) puts("1");
        else if (p == b) puts("2");
        else puts("0");
    }

    return 0;
}

tarjan

• 详解

#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;

typedef pair<int, int> PII;

const int N = 10010, M = N * 2;

int n, m;
int h[N], e[M], w[M], ne[M], idx;
int dist[N];
int p[N];
int res[M];
int st[N];
vector<PII> query[N];   // first存查询的另外一个点，second存查询编号

void add(int a, int b, int c)
{
    e[idx] = b, w[idx] = c, ne[idx] = h[a], h[a] = idx ++ ;
}

void dfs(int u, int fa)
{
    for (int i = h[u]; ~i; i = ne[i])
    {
        int j = e[i];
        if (j == fa) continue;
        dist[j] = dist[u] + w[i];
        dfs(j, u);
    }
}

int find(int x)
{
    if (p[x] != x) p[x] = find(p[x]);
    return p[x];
}

void tarjan(int u)
{
    st[u] = 1;
    for (int i = h[u]; ~i; i = ne[i])
    {
        int j = e[i];
        if (!st[j])
        {
            tarjan(j);
            p[j] = u;
        }
    }

    for (auto item : query[u])
    {
        int y = item.first, id = item.second;
        if (st[y] == 2)
        {
            int anc = find(y);
            res[id] = dist[u] + dist[y] - dist[anc] * 2;
        }
    }

    st[u] = 2;
}

int main()
{
    scanf("%d%d", &n, &m);
    memset(h, -1, sizeof h);
    for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i ++ )
    {
        int a, b, c;
        scanf("%d%d%d", &a, &b, &c);
        add(a, b, c), add(b, a, c);
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < m; i ++ )
    {
        int a, b;
        scanf("%d%d", &a, &b);
        if (a != b)
        {
            query[a].push_back({b, i});
            query[b].push_back({a, i});
        }
    }

    for (int i = 1; i <= n; i ++ ) p[i] = i;

    dfs(1, -1);
    tarjan(1);

    for (int i = 0; i < m; i ++ ) printf("%d\n", res[i]);

    return 0;
}