示例1:
cars = ['audi','bmw','subaru','toyota']
for car in cars: #记住要加:
if car == 'bmw': #使用两个等号(==)检查car的值是否为'bmw'
print(car.upper())
else: #记住要加:
print(car.title())
条件测试
- 每条if语句的核心都是一个值为True或False的表达式,被称为条件测试。
- 检查是否相等时区分大小写:如果大小写无关紧要,而只想检查变量的值,可将变量的值转换为小写,再进行比较
car = 'Audi'
car.lower() == 'audi' #将变量的值转换为小写,再进行比较,且不会修改存储在变量car的值
- 检查是否不相等
requested_topping = 'mushrooms'
if requested_topping != 'anchovies': #用'!=' 表示不等
print("Hold the anchovies!")
- 检查多个条件
1.使用and检查多个条件
如果每个测试都通过了,整个表达式就为True
>>> age_0 = 22
>>> age_1 = 18
>>> age_0 >= 21 and age_1 >= 21 #为改善可读性可以放在括号里:(age_0 >= 21) and (age_1 >= 21)
False
2.使用or检查多个条件
只要至少有一个条件满足,就能通过整个测试。
>>> age_0 = 22
>>> age_1 = 18
>>> age_0 >= 21 or age_1 >= 21
True
- 检查特定值是否包含在列表中
requested_toppings = ['mushrooms','onions','pineapple']
if 'mushrooms' in requested_toppings: #可使用关键字in判断特定的值是否已包含在列表中
print("true")
- 检查特定值是否不包含在列表中
#检查被禁言用户是否包含在列表中
banned_users = ['andrew','carolina','david']
user = 'marie'
if user not in banned_users: #使用not in 检查
print(user.title())
- 布尔表达式 是条件测试的别名,布尔表达式的结果要么为True,要么为False。
if-else结构
- if-else语句块类似于简单的if语句,但其中的else语句
让你能够指定条件测试未通过时要执行的操作。
#判断年龄是否能参加选举
age = 17
if age >= 18:
print("you are old enough to vote!")
print("have you registered to vote yet?")
else:
print("sorry,you are too young to vote.")
print("please register to vote as soon as you turn 18.")
if-elif-else 结构
- Python只执行if-elif-else结构中的一个代码块,它依次检查每个条件测试,直到遇到通过了的条件测试。
age = 3
if age < 4:
print("your admission cost is free!")
elif age < 18:
print("your admission cost is $5")
else :
print("your admission cost is $10")
或者:
age = 12
if age < 4:
price = 0 #简化代码
elif age < 18:
price = 5
else:
price = 10
print("Your admission cost is $" + str(price) + ".")
使用多个 elif 代码块
age = 12
if age < 4:
price = 0
elif age < 18:
price = 5
elif age < 65:
price = 10
else:
price = 5
print("Your admission cost is $" + str(price) + ".")
省略 else 代码块
- else是一条包罗万象的语句,只要不满足任何if或elif中的条件测试,其中的代码就会执行,这可能会引入无效甚至恶意的数据。如果知道最终要测试的条件,应考虑使用一个elif代码块来代替else代码块。这样就可以肯定仅当满足相应的条件时,代码才会执行。
age = 12
if age < 4:
price = 0
elif age < 18:
price = 5
elif age < 65:
price = 10
elif age >=65
price = 5
print("Your admission cost is $" + str(price) + ".")
测试多个条件
有时候必须检查你关心的所有条件。在这种情况下,应使用一系列不包含elif和else代码块的简单if语句。在可能有多个条件为True,且你需要在每个条件为True时都采取相应措施时,适合使用这种方法。
使用if语句处理列表
1.检查特殊元素是否在列表:for ()in ():
requested_toppings = ['mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese']
for requested_topping in requested_toppings: #检查元素是否在列表的语句
print("Adding " + requested_topping + ".")
print("\nFinished making your pizza!")
考虑青椒用完的情况:
requested_toppings = ['mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese']
for requested_topping in requested_toppings:
if requested_topping == 'green peppers': #在青椒用完的情况下判断是否在需求中加入了青椒
print("Sorry, we are out of green peppers right now.")
else:
print("Adding " + requested_topping + ".")
print("\nFinished making your pizza!")
2.确定列表不为空的:
requested_toppings = []
if requested_toppings: #判断需求列表是否为空
for requested_topping in requested_toppings:
print("Adding " + requested_topping + ".")
print("\nFinished making your pizza!")
else:
print("Are you sure you want a plain pizza?")
3.使用多个列表
available_toppings = ['mushrooms','olives','green peppers','pepperoni','pineapple','extra cheesse']
requested_toppings = ['mushrooms', 'french fries', 'extra cheese']
for requested_topping in requested_toppings :
if requested_topping in available_toppings :
print("Adding " + requested_topping + ".")
else:
print("Sorry, we don't have " + requested_topping + ".")
print("\nfinishing making your pizza!")