Python基础入门

本次学习内容为：列表、元组、字符串、字典、集合及序列。
整型<class ‘int’>
浮点型<class ‘float’>
布尔型<class ‘bool’>
容器数据类型

列表<class ‘list’>
元组<class ‘tuple’>
字典<class ‘dict’>
集合<class ‘set’>
字符串<class ‘str’>

1. 列表的定义
   列表是有序集合，没有固定大小，能够保存任意数量任意类型的 Python 对象，语法为 [元素1, 元素2, …, 元素n]。

关键点是「中括号 []」和「逗号 ,」
中括号 把所有元素绑在一起
逗号 将每个元素一一分开
2. 列表的创建
创建一个普通列表
【例子】

x = [‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’]
print(x, type(x))

[‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’] <class ‘list’>

​
x = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
print(x, type(x))

[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] <class ‘list’>

[‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’] <class ‘list’>
[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] <class ‘list’>
利用range()创建列表
【例子】

x = list(range(10))
print(x, type(x))

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] <class ‘list’>

​
x = list(range(1, 11, 2))
print(x, type(x))

[1, 3, 5, 7, 9] <class ‘list’>

​
x = list(range(10, 1, -2))
print(x, type(x))

[10, 8, 6, 4, 2] <class ‘list’>

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] <class ‘list’>
[1, 3, 5, 7, 9] <class ‘list’>
[10, 8, 6, 4, 2] <class ‘list’>
利用推导式创建列表
【例子】

x = [0] * 5
print(x, type(x))

[0, 0, 0, 0, 0] <class ‘list’>

​
x = [0 for i in range(5)]
print(x, type(x))

[0, 0, 0, 0, 0] <class ‘list’>

​
x = [i for i in range(10)]
print(x, type(x))

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] <class ‘list’>

​
x = [i for i in range(1, 10, 2)]
print(x, type(x))

[1, 3, 5, 7, 9] <class ‘list’>

​
x = [i for i in range(10, 1, -2)]
print(x, type(x))

[10, 8, 6, 4, 2] <class ‘list’>

​
x = [i ** 2 for i in range(1, 10)]
print(x, type(x))

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81] <class ‘list’>

​
x = [i for i in range(100) if (i % 2) != 0 and (i % 3) == 0]
print(x, type(x))
​

[3, 9, 15, 21, 27, 33, 39,

[0, 0, 0, 0, 0] <class ‘list’>
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0] <class ‘list’>
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] <class ‘list’>
[1, 3, 5, 7, 9] <class ‘list’>
[10, 8, 6, 4, 2] <class ‘list’>
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81] <class ‘list’>
[3, 9, 15, 21, 27, 33, 39, 45, 51, 57, 63, 69, 75, 81, 87, 93, 99] <class ‘list’>
注意：

由于list的元素可以是任何对象，因此列表中所保存的是对象的指针。即使保存一个简单的[1,2,3]，也有3个指针和3个整数对象。

x = [a] * 4操作中，只是创建4个指向list的引用，所以一旦a改变，x中4个a也会随之改变。

【例子】

x = [[0] * 3] * 4
print(x, type(x))

[[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]] <class ‘list’>

​
x[0][0] = 1
print(x, type(x))

[[1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0]] <class ‘list’>

​
a = [0] * 3
x = [a] * 4
print(x, type(x))

[[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]] <class ‘list’>

​
x[0][0] = 1
print(x, type(x))

[[1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0]] <class ‘list’>

[[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]] <class ‘list’>
[[1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0]] <class ‘list’>
[[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]] <class ‘list’>
[[1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0]] <class ‘list’>
创建一个混合列表
【例子】

mix = [1, ‘lsgo’, 3.14, [1, 2, 3]]
print(mix, type(mix))

[1, ‘lsgo’, 3.14, [1, 2, 3]] <class ‘list’>

[1, ‘lsgo’, 3.14, [1, 2, 3]] <class ‘list’>
创建一个空列表
【例子】

empty = []
print(empty, type(empty)) # [] <class ‘list’>
[] <class ‘list’>
列表不像元组，列表内容可更改 (mutable)，因此附加 (append, extend)、插入 (insert)、删除 (remove, pop) 这些操作都可以用在它身上。

3. 向列表中添加元素
   list.append(obj) 在列表末尾添加新的对象，只接受一个参数，参数可以是任何数据类型，被追加的元素在 list 中保持着原结构类型。
   【例子】

x = [‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’]
x.append(‘Thursday’)
print(x)

[‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’, ‘Thursday’]

​
print(len(x)) # 6
[‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’, ‘Thursday’]
6
此元素如果是一个 list，那么这个 list 将作为一个整体进行追加，注意append()和extend()的区别。

【例子】

x = [‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’]
x.append([‘Thursday’, ‘Sunday’])
print(x)

[‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’, [‘Thursday’, ‘Sunday’]]

​
print(len(x)) # 6
[‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’, [‘Thursday’, ‘Sunday’]]
6
list.extend(seq) 在列表末尾一次性追加另一个序列中的多个值（用新列表扩展原来的列表）
【例子】

x = [‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’]
x.extend([‘Thursday’, ‘Sunday’])
print(x)

[‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Sunday’]

​
print(len(x)) # 7
[‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Sunday’]
7
严格来说 append 是追加，把一个东西整体添加在列表后，而 extend 是扩展，把一个东西里的所有元素添加在列表后。

list.insert(index, obj) 在编号 index 位置插入 obj。
【例子】

x = [‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’]
x.insert(2, ‘Sunday’)
print(x)

[‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Sunday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’]

​
print(len(x)) # 6
[‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Sunday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’]
6
4. 删除列表中的元素
list.remove(obj) 移除列表中某个值的第一个匹配项
【例子】

x = [‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’]
x.remove(‘Monday’)
print(x) # [‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’]
[‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’]
list.pop([index=-1]) 移除列表中的一个元素（默认最后一个元素），并且返回该元素的值
【例子】

x = [‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’]
y = x.pop()
print(y) # Friday
​
y = x.pop(0)
print(y) # Monday
​
y = x.pop(-2)
print(y) # Wednesday
print(x) # [‘Tuesday’, ‘Thursday’]
Friday
Monday
Wednesday
[‘Tuesday’, ‘Thursday’]
remove 和 pop 都可以删除元素，前者是指定具体要删除的元素，后者是指定一个索引。

del var1[, var2 ……] 删除单个或多个对象。
【例子】

如果知道要删除的元素在列表中的位置，可使用del语句。

x = [‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’]
del x[0:2]
print(x) # [‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’]
[‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’]
如果你要从列表中删除一个元素，且不再以任何方式使用它，就使用del语句；如果你要在删除元素后还能继续使用它，就使用方法pop()。

5. 获取列表中的元素
   通过元素的索引值，从列表获取单个元素，注意，列表索引值是从0开始的。
   通过将索引指定为-1，可让Python返回最后一个列表元素，索引 -2 返回倒数第二个列表元素，以此类推。
   【例子】

x = [‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, [‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’]]
print(x[0], type(x[0])) # Monday <class ‘str’>
print(x[-1], type(x[-1])) # [‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’] <class ‘list’>
print(x[-2], type(x[-2])) # Wednesday <class ‘str’>
Monday <class ‘str’>
[‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’] <class ‘list’>
Wednesday <class ‘str’>
切片的通用写法是 start : stop : step

情况 1 - “start :”
以 step 为 1 (默认) 从编号 start 往列表尾部切片。
【例子】

x = [‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’]
print(x[3:]) # [‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’]
print(x[-3:]) # [‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’]
[‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’]
[‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’]
情况 2 - “: stop”
以 step 为 1 (默认) 从列表头部往编号 stop 切片。
【例子】

week = [‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’]
print(week[:3]) # [‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’]
print(week[:-3]) # [‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’]
[‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’]
[‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’]
情况 3 - “start : stop”
以 step 为 1 (默认) 从编号 start 往编号 stop 切片。
【例子】

week = [‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’]
print(week[1:3]) # [‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’]
print(week[-3:-1]) # [‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’]
[‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’]
[‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’]
情况 4 - “start : stop : step”
以具体的 step 从编号 start 往编号 stop 切片。注意最后把 step 设为 -1，相当于将列表反向排列。
【例子】

week = [‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’]
print(week[1:4:2]) # [‘Tuesday’, ‘Thursday’]
print(week[:4:2]) # [‘Monday’, ‘Wednesday’]
print(week[1::2]) # [‘Tuesday’, ‘Thursday’]
print(week[::-1])

[‘Friday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Monday’]

[‘Tuesday’, ‘Thursday’]
[‘Monday’, ‘Wednesday’]
[‘Tuesday’, ‘Thursday’]
[‘Friday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Monday’]
情况 5 - " : "
复制列表中的所有元素（浅拷贝）。
【例子】

eek = [‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’]
print(week[:])

[‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’]

[‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’]
【例子】浅拷贝与深拷贝

list1 = [123, 456, 789, 213]
list2 = list1
list3 = list1[:]
​
print(list2) # [123, 456, 789, 213]
print(list3) # [123, 456, 789, 213]
list1.sort()
print(list2) # [123, 213, 456, 789]
print(list3) # [123, 456, 789, 213]
​
list1 = [[123, 456], [789, 213]]
list2 = list1
list3 = list1[:]
print(list2) # [[123, 456], [789, 213]]
print(list3) # [[123, 456], [789, 213]]
list1[0][0] = 111
print(list2) # [[111, 456], [789, 213]]
print(list3) # [[111, 456], [789, 213]]
[123, 456, 789, 213]
[123, 456, 789, 213]
[123, 213, 456, 789]
[123, 456, 789, 213]
[[123, 456], [789, 213]]
[[123, 456], [789, 213]]
[[111, 456], [789, 213]]
[[111, 456], [789, 213]]
6. 列表的常用操作符
等号操作符：==
连接操作符 +
重复操作符 *
成员关系操作符 in、not in
「等号 ==」，只有成员、成员位置都相同时才返回True。

列表拼接有两种方式࿰