10 个用于收集硬件信息的 Linux 命令

1.如何查看Linux系统的信息

如果只想知道系统名称，可以使用不带任何参数选项的uname命令，就可以输出系统信息，或使用uname -s命令输出系统的内核名称。

tecmint@tecmint ~ $ uname
Linux
要查看网络主机名，用“-n”参数选项的uname命令，如下所示。

tecmint@tecmint ~ $ uname -n
tecmint.com
要获取有关内核版本的信息，使用“-v”参数选项。

tecmint@tecmint ~ $ uname -v
#64-Ubuntu SMP Mon Sep 22 21:28:38 UTC 2014
要得到有关你的内核的发行版信息，请使用“-r”参数选项。

tecmint@tecmint ~ $ uname -r
3.13.0-37-generic
要输出你的机器的硬件名，使用“-m”参数选项：

tecmint@tecmint ~ $ uname -m
x86_64
所有这些信息可以通过运行“uname -a”命令，如下图所示一次性输出。

tecmint@tecmint ~ $ uname -a
Linux tecmint.com 3.13.0-37-generic #64-Ubuntu SMP Mon Sep 22 21:28:38 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
2.如何查看Linux的系统硬件信息

你可以使用lshw工具来收集有关硬件部件，如CPU，硬盘，内存，USB控制器等的大量信息。

lshw是一个相对比较小巧的工具，当你提取信息的时候，只有为数不多的几个选项可供你使用。由lshw提供的信息收集形成了不同的/ proc文件。

注：请记住，lshw命令是由superuser （root）或sudo用户执行的。

参见：《Difference Between su and sudo User in Linux》

要输出你的Linux系统的硬件信息，运行此命令。

tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sudo lshw
tecmint.com
description: Notebook
product: 20354 (LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70)
vendor: LENOVO
version: Lenovo Z50-70
serial: 1037407803441
width: 64 bits
capabilities: smbios-2.7 dmi-2.7 vsyscall32
configuration: administrator_password=disabled boot=normal chassis=notebook family=IDEAPAD frontpanel_password=disabled keyboard_password=disabled power-on_password=disabled sku=LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70 uuid=E4B1D229-D237-E411-9F6E-28D244EBBD98
*-core
description: Motherboard
product: Lancer 5A5
vendor: LENOVO
physical id: 0
version: 31900059WIN
serial: YB06377069
slot: Type2 - Board Chassis Location
*-firmware
description: BIOS
vendor: LENOVO
physical id: 0
version: 9BCN26WW
date: 07/31/2014
size: 128KiB
capacity: 4032KiB
capabilities: pci upgrade shadowing cdboot bootselect edd int13floppynec int13floppytoshiba int13floppy360 int13floppy1200 int13floppy720 int13floppy2880 int9keyboard int10video acpi usb biosbootspecification uefi
…
你可以通过使用-short选项来输出汇总的硬件信息。

tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sudo lshw -short
H/W path Device Class Description

system 20354 (LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70)
/0 bus Lancer 5A5
/0/0 memory 128KiB BIOS
/0/4 processor Intel® Core™ i5-4210U CPU @ 1.70GHz
/0/4/b memory 32KiB L1 cache
/0/4/c memory 256KiB L2 cache
/0/4/d memory 3MiB L3 cache
/0/a memory 32KiB L1 cache
/0/12 memory 8GiB System Memory
/0/12/0 memory DIMM [empty]
/0/12/1 memory DIMM [empty]
/0/12/2 memory 8GiB SODIMM DDR3 Synchronous 1600 MHz (0.6 ns)
/0/12/3 memory DIMM [empty]
/0/100 bridge Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller
/0/100/2 display Haswell-ULT Integrated Graphics Controller
/0/100/3 multimedia Haswell-ULT HD Audio Controller
…
如果你想生成输出为HTML文件，可以使用选项-html。

tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sudo lshw -html > lshw.html
3.如何查看Linux的CPU信息

要查看关于CPU的信息，就使用lscpu命令，因为它能从sysfs和/ proc / cpuinfo中显示CPU体系结构的信息，例如CPU数字，核心，CPU系列型号，CPU高速缓存，线程等。

tecmint@tecmint ~ $ lscpu
Architecture: x86_64
CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit
Byte Order: Little Endian
CPU(s): 4
On-line CPU(s) list: 0-3
Thread(s) per core: 2
Core(s) per socket: 2
Socket(s): 1
NUMA node(s): 1
Vendor ID: GenuineIntel
CPU family: 6
Model: 69
Stepping: 1
CPU MHz: 768.000
BogoMIPS: 4788.72
Virtualization: VT-x
L1d cache: 32K
L1i cache: 32K
L2 cache: 256K
L3 cache: 3072K
NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-3
4.如何收集Linux块设备信息

块设备是诸如硬盘，闪存驱动器等的存储设备。lsblk命令可用于报告有关块设备的信息，如下所示。

tecmint@tecmint ~ $ lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 931.5G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1000M 0 part
├─sda2 8:2 0 260M 0 part /boot/efi
├─sda3 8:3 0 1000M 0 part
├─sda4 8:4 0 128M 0 part
├─sda5 8:5 0 557.1G 0 part
├─sda6 8:6 0 25G 0 part
├─sda7 8:7 0 14.7G 0 part
├─sda8 8:8 0 1M 0 part
├─sda9 8:9 0 324.5G 0 part /
└─sda10 8:10 0 7.9G 0 part [SWAP]
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
如果你想查看系统上所有的块设备，那么就加一个-a选项。

tecmint@tecmint ~ $ lsblk -a
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 931.5G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1000M 0 part
├─sda2 8:2 0 260M 0 part /boot/efi
├─sda3 8:3 0 1000M 0 part
├─sda4 8:4 0 128M 0 part
├─sda5 8:5 0 557.1G 0 part
├─sda6 8:6 0 25G 0 part
├─sda7 8:7 0 14.7G 0 part
├─sda8 8:8 0 1M 0 part
├─sda9 8:9 0 324.5G 0 part /
└─sda10 8:10 0 7.9G 0 part [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 1 0 disk
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
ram0 1:0 0 64M 0 disk
ram1 1:1 0 64M 0 disk
ram2 1:2 0 64M 0 disk
ram3 1:3 0 64M 0 disk
ram4 1:4 0 64M 0 disk
ram5 1:5 0 64M 0 disk
ram6 1:6 0 64M 0 disk
ram7 1:7 0 64M 0 disk
ram8 1:8 0 64M 0 disk
ram9 1:9 0 64M 0 disk
loop0 7:0 0 0 loop
loop1 7:1 0 0 loop
loop2 7:2 0 0 loop
loop3 7:3 0 0 loop
loop4 7:4 0 0 loop
loop5 7:5 0 0 loop
loop6 7:6 0 0 loop
loop7 7:7 0 0 loop
ram10 1:10 0 64M 0 disk
ram11 1:11 0 64M 0 disk
ram12 1:12 0 64M 0 disk
ram13 1:13 0 64M 0 disk
ram14 1:14 0 64M 0 disk
ram15 1:15 0 64M 0 disk
5.如何输出USB控制器的信息

lsusb命令可用于报告关于USB控制器和所有连接到它们的设备的信息。

tecmint@tecmint ~ $ lsusb
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 8087:8000 Intel Corp.
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub
Bus 002 Device 005: ID 0bda:b728 Realtek Semiconductor Corp.
Bus 002 Device 004: ID 5986:0249 Acer, Inc
Bus 002 Device 003: ID 0bda:0129 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. RTS5129 Card Reader Controller
Bus 002 Device 002: ID 045e:00cb Microsoft Corp. Basic Optical Mouse v2.0
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
你可以使用-v选项生成有关于每个USB设备的详细信息。

tecmint@tecmint ~ $ lsusb -v
6.如何输出PCI设备信息

PCI设备可能包括USB接口，显卡，网卡等。lspci工具能用来生成系统上所有PCI控制器以及连接到它们的设备的信息。

要输出有关PCI设备的信息，可运行以下命令。

tecmint@tecmint ~ $ lspci
00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller (rev 0b)
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 0b)
00:03.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT HD Audio Controller (rev 0b)
00:14.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP USB xHCI HC (rev 04)
00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP HECI #0 (rev 04)
00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP HD Audio Controller (rev 04)
00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 3 (rev e4)
00:1c.3 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 4 (rev e4)
00:1c.4 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 5 (rev e4)
00:1d.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP USB EHCI #1 (rev 04)
00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP LPC Controller (rev 04)
00:1f.2 SATA controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP SATA Controller 1 [AHCI mode] (rev 04)
00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP SMBus Controller (rev 04)
01:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev 10)
02:00.0 Network controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8723BE PCIe Wireless Network Adapter
03:00.0 3D controller: NVIDIA Corporation GM108M [GeForce 840M] (rev a2)
使用-t选项将以树的形式生成输出。

tecmint@tecmint ~ $ lspci -t
-[0000:00]-±00.0
±02.0
±03.0
±14.0
±16.0
±1b.0
±1c.0-[01]----00.0
±1c.3-[02]----00.0
±1c.4-[03]----00.0
±1d.0
±1f.0
±1f.2
-1f.3
使用-v选项生成有关每个连接的设备的详细信息。

tecmint@tecmint ~ $ lspci -v
00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller (rev 0b)
Subsystem: Lenovo Device 3978
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0
Capabilities:
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 0b) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller])
Subsystem: Lenovo Device 380d
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 62
Memory at c3000000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4M]
Memory at d0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M]
I/O ports at 6000 [size=64]
Expansion ROM at [disabled]
Capabilities:
Kernel driver in use: i915
…
7.如何输出SCSI设备的信息

要查看所有的scsi / sata设备，可使用lsscsi命令，如下所示。如果你没有安装lsscsi工具，那么运行下面的命令来安装它。

$ sudo apt-get install lsscsi [on Debian derivatives]

yum install lsscsi [On RedHat based systems]

dnf install lsscsi [On Fedora 21+ Onwards]

安装后，运行lsscsi命令，如下所示：

tecmint@tecmint ~ $ lsscsi
[0:0:0:0] disk ATA ST1000LM024 HN-M 2BA3 /dev/sda
[1:0:0:0] cd/dvd PLDS DVD-RW DA8A5SH RL61 /dev/sr0
[4:0:0:0] disk Generic- xD/SD/M.S. 1.00 /dev/sdb
使用-s选项来显示设备尺寸。

tecmint@tecmint ~ $ lsscsi -s
[0:0:0:0] disk ATA ST1000LM024 HN-M 2BA3 /dev/sda 1.00TB
[1:0:0:0] cd/dvd PLDS DVD-RW DA8A5SH RL61 /dev/sr0 -
[4:0:0:0] disk Generic- xD/SD/M.S. 1.00 /dev/sdb -
8.如何打印有关SATA设备的信息

你可以使用hdparm实用工具在系统上找到有关sata设备的一些信息，如下所示。在下面的例子中，我使用了块设备/ dev / sda1。

tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sudo hdparm /dev/sda1
/dev/sda1:
multcount = 0 (off)
IO_support = 1 (32-bit)
readonly = 0 (off)
readahead = 256 (on)
geometry = 56065/255/63, sectors = 2048000, start = 2048
要输出设备有关柱面、磁头、扇区、大小和起始偏移量的几何信息，使用-g选项。

tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sudo hdparm -g /dev/sda1
/dev/sda1:
geometry = 56065/255/63, sectors = 2048000, start = 2048
9.如何输出Linux文件系统信息

为了收集有关文件系统分区的信息，你可以使用fdisk命令。虽然fdisk命令的主要功能是修改文件系统分区，但我们也可以用它来查看文件系统上不同分区的信息。

你可以按如下方法输出分区信息。记住要用超级用户的身份运行命令，否则你可能看不到任何输出。

tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sudo fdisk -l
WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on ‘/dev/sda’! The util fdisk doesn’t support GPT. Use GNU Parted.
Disk /dev/sda: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders, total 1953525168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xcee8ad92
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 1 1953525167 976762583+ ee GPT
Partition 1 does not start on physical sector boundary.
10.如何提取有关硬件组件的信息

你也可以使用dmidecode实用程序通过读取DMI表中的数据提取硬件信息。

输出有关内存的信息，作为超级用户运行此命令。

tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t memory

dmidecode 2.12

SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98

SMBIOS 2.7 present.
Handle 0x0005, DMI type 5, 24 bytes
Memory Controller Information
Error Detecting Method: None
Error Correcting Capabilities:
None
Supported Interleave: One-way Interleave
Current Interleave: One-way Interleave
Maximum Memory Module Size: 8192 MB
Maximum Total Memory Size: 32768 MB
Supported Speeds:
Other
Supported Memory Types:
Other
Memory Module Voltage: Unknown
Associated Memory Slots: 4
0x0006
0x0007
0x0008
0x0009
Enabled Error Correcting Capabilities:
None
…
要输出有关系统的信息，运行此命令。

tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t system

dmidecode 2.12

SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98

SMBIOS 2.7 present.
Handle 0x0001, DMI type 1, 27 bytes
System Information
Manufacturer: LENOVO
Product Name: 20354
Version: Lenovo Z50-70
Serial Number: 1037407803441
UUID: 29D2B1E4-37D2-11E4-9F6E-28D244EBBD98
Wake-up Type: Power Switch
SKU Number: LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70
Family: IDEAPAD
…
要输出有关BIOS的信息，运行此命令。

tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t bios

dmidecode 2.12

SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98

SMBIOS 2.7 present.
Handle 0x0000, DMI type 0, 24 bytes
BIOS Information
Vendor: LENOVO
Version: 9BCN26WW
Release Date: 07/31/2014
Address: 0xE0000
Runtime Size: 128 kB
ROM Size: 4096 kB
Characteristics:
PCI is supported
BIOS is upgradeable
BIOS shadowing is allowed
Boot from CD is supported
Selectable boot is supported
EDD is supported
Japanese floppy for NEC 9800 1.2 MB is supported (int 13h)
Japanese floppy for Toshiba 1.2 MB is supported (int 13h)
5.25"/360 kB floppy services are supported (int 13h)
5.25"/1.2 MB floppy services are supported (int 13h)
3.5"/720 kB floppy services are supported (int 13h)
3.5"/2.88 MB floppy services are supported (int 13h)
8042 keyboard services are supported (int 9h)
CGA/mono video services are supported (int 10h)
ACPI is supported
USB legacy is supported
BIOS boot specification is supported
Targeted content distribution is supported
UEFI is supported
BIOS Revision: 0.26
Firmware Revision: 0.26
…
要输出关于处理器的信息，运行此命令。

tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t processor

dmidecode 2.12

SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98

SMBIOS 2.7 present.
Handle 0x0004, DMI type 4, 42 bytes
Processor Information
Socket Designation: U3E1
Type: Central Processor
Family: Core i5
Manufacturer: Intel® Corporation
ID: 51 06 04 00 FF FB EB BF
Signature: Type 0, Family 6, Model 69, Stepping 1
Flags: