explain + 查询sql 用于显示SQL执行信息参数
(本文仅列出常用参数,部分参数未作出解释)
id
id列的编号是 select 的序列号
- id相同时,执行顺序由上至下
- 如果是子查询,id的序号会递增,id值越大优先级越高,越先被执行
select_type
表示对应行是简单查询还是复杂的查询
simple:简单查询。查询不包含子查询和union
mysql> explain select * from film where id = 2;
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | film | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | NULL |
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
primary:复杂查询中最外层的 select
subquery:包含在 select 中的子查询(不在 from 子句中)
mysql> explain select (select 1 from actor where id = 1) from (select * from film where id = 1) der;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | film | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | Using index |
| 2 | SUBQUERY | actor | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
type
这一列表示关联类型或访问类型,即MySQL决定如何查找表中的行
依次从最优到最差分别为:
system > const > eq_ref > ref > fulltext > ref_or_null > index_merge > unique_subquery > index_subquery > range > index > ALL
NULL:mysql能够在优化阶段分解查询语句,在执行阶段用不着再访问表或索引.
例如:在索引列中选取最小值,可以单独查找索引来完成,不需要在执行时访问表
mysql> explain select min(id) from film;
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Select tables optimized away |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+------------------------------+
const, system:mysql能对查询的某部分进行优化并将其转化成一个常量(可以看show warnings 的结果)。用于 primary key 或 unique key 的所有列与常数比较时,所以表最多有一个匹配行,读取1次,速度比较快。
mysql> explain extended select * from (select * from film where id = 1) tmp;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | film | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
mysql> show warnings ;
+---------+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Level | Code | Message |
+---------+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Warning | 1681 | 'EXTENDED' is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. |
| Note | 1003 | /* select#1 */ select '1' AS `id`,'film1' AS `name` from `test`.`film` where 1 |
+---------+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
eq_ref:primary key 或 unique key 索引的所有部分被连接使用 ,最多只会返回一条符合条件的记录。这可能是在 const 之外最好的联接类型了,简单的 select 查询不会出现这种 type。
mysql> explain select * from film_actor left join film on film_actor.film_id = film.id;
+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+-------------------+---------+-------------------------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+-------------------+---------+-------------------------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | film_actor | index | NULL | idx_film_actor_id | 8 | NULL | 3 | Using index |
| 1 | SIMPLE | film | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | test.film_actor.film_id | 1 | NULL |
+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+-------------------+---------+-------------------------+------+-------------+
ref:相比 eq_ref,不使用唯一索引,而是使用普通索引或者唯一性索引的部分前缀,索引要和某个值相比较,可能会找到多个符合条件的行。
1. 简单 select 查询,name是普通索引(非唯一索引)
mysql> explain select * from film where name = "film1";
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | film | ref | idx_name | idx_name | 33 | const | 1 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+
2.关联表查询,idx_film_actor_id是film_id和actor_id的联合索引,这里使用到了film_actor的左边前缀film_id部分。
mysql> explain select * from film left join film_actor on film.id = film_actor.film_id;
+----+-------------+------------+-------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+--------------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+-------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+--------------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | film | index | NULL | idx_name | 33 | NULL | 3 | Using index |
| 1 | SIMPLE | film_actor | ref | idx_film_actor_id | idx_film_actor_id | 4 | test.film.id | 1 | Using index |
+----+-------------+------------+-------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+--------------+------+-------------+
range:范围扫描通常出现在 in(), between ,> ,<, >= 等操作中。使用一个索引来检索给定范围的行。
mysql> explain select * from actor where id > 1;
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | actor | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 2 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
ALL:即全表扫描,意味着mysql需要从头到尾去查找所需要的行。通常情况下这需要增加索引来进行优化了
mysql> explain select * from actor;
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | actor | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | NULL |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+
index:和ALL一样,不同就是mysql只需扫描索引树,这通常比ALL快一些。
mysql> explain select count(*) from film;
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | film | index | NULL | idx_name | 33 | NULL | 3 | Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
possible_kyes
这一列显示查询可能使用哪些索引来查找
key 显示 NULL 的情况,这种情况是因为表中数据不多,mysql认为索引对此查询帮助不大,选择了全表查询。
如果该列是NULL,则没有相关的索引。在这种情况下,可以通过检查 where 子句看是否可以创造一个适当的索引来提高查询性能,然后用 explain 查看效果。
key
这一列显示mysql实际采用哪个索引来优化对该表的访问
rows
这一列是mysql估计要读取并检测的行数,注意这个不是结果集里的行数。
Extra
这一列展示的是额外信息。常见的重要值如下:
distinct: 一旦mysql找到了与行相联合匹配的行,就不再搜索了
Using index:这发生在对表的请求列都是同一索引的部分的时候,返回的列数据只使用了索引中的信息,而没有再去访问表中的行记录。是性能高的表现。
mysql> explain select id from film order by id;
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | film | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 3 | Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
Using where:mysql服务器将在存储引擎检索行后再进行过滤。就是先读取整行数据,再按 where 条件进行检查,符合就留下,不符合就丢弃。
mysql> explain select * from film where id > 1;
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | film | index | PRIMARY | idx_name | 33 | NULL | 3 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+
Using temporary:mysql需要创建一张临时表来处理查询。出现这种情况一般是要进行优化的,首先是想到用索引来优化。
1. actor.name没有索引,此时创建了张临时表来distinct
mysql> explain select distinct name from actor;
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | actor | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | Using temporary |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------+
2. film.name建立了idx_name索引,此时查询时extra是using index,没有用临时表
mysql> explain select distinct name from film;
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | film | index | idx_name | idx_name | 33 | NULL | 3 | Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
Using filesort:mysql 会对结果使用一个外部索引排序,而不是按索引次序从表里读取行。此时mysql会根据联接类型浏览所有符合条件的记录,并保存排序关键字和行指针,然后排序关键字并按顺序检索行信息。这种情况下一般也是要考虑使用索引来优化的。
1. actor.name未创建索引,会浏览actor整个表,保存排序关键字name和对应的id,然后排序name并检索行记录
mysql> explain select * from actor order by name;
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | actor | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | Using filesort |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------+
2. film.name建立了idx_name索引,此时查询时extra是using index
mysql> explain select * from film order by name;
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | film | index | NULL | idx_name | 33 | NULL | 3 | Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+