[end] CS61B Java 02: HW0A&B A Java Crash Course

Program

public class HelloWorld {
	public static void main(string[] args) {
		System.out.println("Hello World");
	}
}

• All Java code must be in a class. 所有的Java代码必须在类中。
• When a Java program is executed, it runs the public static void main(String[] args) method. 当Java程序执行时，必须运行main方法。（main提供了类中代码的执行入口，同样test也提供了类中代码的执行入口，main和test是并列关系，并不冲突。Use the main method and the tests and confirm that your code is fully correct. 我们可以直接使用类中的方法，或在执行入口中实例化类，调用其属性或方法)
• In Java, functions have a specificreturn type that comes before the function name. Functions also specify their arguments’ type. When a function returns nothing, it has a return type of void(print, return [type]).

Language Constructs

Types

Primitive types

• double: Deciml values.

• char: Java char represents a single character, and uses single quotes (').

• • char.toString() 返回字符的字符串形式

• int

• boolean

Reference type

Each primitive has a corresponding reference type.

• Double
• String: Java Strings use double quotes (").
• Character
• Integer
• Boolean
  If you are using "generics"泛型 to declare a data structure, you must use the reference type.

null

Any reference type can be assigned a value of null.
If we try to access an instance 实例member or call an instance method from a value of null, we will see an error called a NullPointerException.

数据类型转换

从低级到高级：byte, short(16), char -> int(32)-> long -> float(32) -> double(64)

自动类型转换

位数低的数据类型可以自动转换为位数高的数据类型

public class ZiDongLeiZhuan {
	public static void main(String[]args) {
		char c1 = 'a';
		int i1 = c1; // char自动类型转换为int
		System.out.println("char自动类型转换为int后的值等于"+i1):
		int i2 = c1 + 1; // char和int计算后的值为int类型
	}
}		

强制类型转换

容量大的类型转换为容量小的类型时必须使用强制类型转换
格式：(type)value

public class QiangZhiZhuanHuan {
	public static void main (String[] args) {
		int i = 1;
		char c = (char)('a' + 1) // b

for Loop

// counting up
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i ++) {
	System.out.println(i);
}
// counting down
for (int i = 9; i >= 0; i --) {
	System.out.println(i);
}
// syntax
for (initialization; termination; increment) {
	// loop body
} 

Conditionals

&& || ! ==

String

方法

• char charAt(int index) 返回指定索引处的char值
• boolean equals(Object anObject) 将此字符串与制定的对象比比较

int sLength = s.length();
String substr = s.substring(1, 5);
string1.concat(string2); // 连接字符串
string1 + string2;

char c = s. charAt(2);
if (s.indexOf("hello") != -1) { // 判断字符串中是否存在某子串
	System.out.println("\"hello\" in s")
}
for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) { // 遍历字符串中的每个字符
	char letter = s.charAt(i);
	System.out.println(letter);
} 

String.valueOf(int i) // 返回int参数的字符串表示形式
Integer.parseInt(String s) // 将字符串转换为十进制整数

• 如何修改String中某个位置的字符？
  String无法修改具体字符，转换为StringBuilder即可

StringBuilder patternB = new StringBuilder(pattern);
for (int i = 0; i < chosenWord.length(); i ++){
    if (chosenWord.charAt(i) == letter) {
        patternB.setCharAt(i, letter); ;
    }
}
pattern = patternB.toString();

String[] split(String regex) // 将此字符串拆分给给定regular expression分隔正则表达式的匹配项。
String s = "boo:and:foo".split(":")
// s returned is: {"boo", "and", "foo"}
static String.join(CharSequence delimiter, CharSequence... elements)  // 返回由CharSequence elements 的副本组成的新String，该副本与指定的delimiter的副本连接在一起
String message = String.join("-", "Java", "is", "cool");
     // message returned is: "Java-is-cool"

List (resizable)

• Java has the list interface. We largely use the ArrayList implementation.
• The list interface is parameterized by the type it holds, using the angle brackets < and >.
• Lists, again, do not support slicing or negative indexing.

List<String> lst = new ArrayList<>();
lst.add("zero");
lst.add("one");
lst.set(0, "sed");
System.out.println(lst.get());
System.out.println(lst.size());
if (lst.contains("one")) { // 判断
	System.out.println("one in lst");
}
if (lst.isEmpty()) {
	return new ArrayList<>();
}
for (String elem : lst) {
	System.out.println(elem);
}

IntList Aside

IntList lst = new IntList(1, new IntList(2, new IntList(3, null)));

IntList lst = IntList.of(1, 2, 3) // The `of` method is a convenience method for creating `IntList`s.
System.out.println(lst.print()) // The other method `print` returns a `String` representation of an IntList.
// Output: 1 -> 2 -> 3

Dictionaries / Maps

• Java has two main implementations of Map interface: TreeMap keeps its keys sorted and is fast; HashMap has no defined order and is (usually) really fast.
• In the angled brackets, we have the “key type” first, followed by he “value type”.
• Maps cannot directly be used with the : for loop. Typically, we call keySet to iterate over a set of the keys.

Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
map.put("hello", "hi"); //map不能初始为null（因为put和putAll用到指针），赋值可以 即map = map1
map.put("hello", "goodbye");
System.out.println(map.get("hello"));
System.out.println(map.size());
if (map.containsKey("hello")) {
	System.out.println("\"hello\" in map");
}
for (String key : map.keySet()) { //遍历健
	System.out.println(key);
}
map.replace(K key, V newValue);
map.get(key); //由健取值

map.putAll(Map map1); //将指定所有键/值对插入到map中，同健会覆盖值。但是map不能初始为null

Number类

parseInt()方法用于将字符串作为有符号的十进制整数进行解析。
语法

static int parseInt(String s) // 有符号十进制字符串参数表示的整数值 
static int parseInt(String s, int radix) 

返回值
parseInt(int i) 使用指定基数的字符串参数表示的整数（基数可以是10，2，8

public class Test{
    public static void main(String args[]){
        int x =Integer.parseInt("9");
        double c = Double.parseDouble("5");
        int b = Integer.parseInt("444",16); // 16进制数444转换为十进制数1092（4*16^+4*16^1+4*16^0）

        System.out.println(x);
        System.out.println(c);
        System.out.println(b);
    }
}
// 输出
// 9
// 5.0
// 1092

Math类

Math类方法
xxxtypeValue()将Number对象转换为xxx数据类型的值并返回
pow(double base, double exponent) 返回base的exponent次方

Programming Exercises

• ListExercises > common

分析：asserThat中应是Iterable值，res2代码返回null，调用res2(null值）的实例方法.isEmpty()，报错NullPointerException，因为null不可迭代。

tips

• 注释：comand + / （Mac); ctrl + / (Windows)
• 方法详情：command/ctrl + 点击 / 鼠标悬停
• 断点：打在关键点/容易出错的点，使用断点模式，即debug
• 打印日志：如添加一句System.out.println(I+"&"+j)，run，打印所有循环次数。 Trick: If you are failing and don’t know where to start, you are recommended checking that adding print statements to help debug
• 只做部分测试场景：可通过注释掉已通过的场景实现
• 返回空的数据结构：返回一个初始化（空）的数据结构，return new ArrayList<>()