8.动词
概述
充当谓语的作用
动词分类:
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及物动词与不及物动词
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及物动词 (后必须跟宾语)
- afford ,allow ,bring
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不及物动词(后不能接宾语)
- pause,sleep
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表状态或感受的动词为状态动词
- like, love, think ,seem
助动词
- am/is/are/was/were. have/has/had. do/does/did,will/would, shall/should,主要是帮助动词完成时态,语态语态变化
- 助动词be
- 助动词have
- 助动词do的两个方法
- 动词与那行搭配构成一般现在或一般过去时的疑问句和否定句
- Do you like this book?
- he didn’t know when set off
- 实义动词前起强调
- do write to me soon
- I did turn the gas off (我确实把煤气关了)
- 动词与那行搭配构成一般现在或一般过去时的疑问句和否定句
情态动词
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表述委婉,礼貌,客气等
- can/could, may/might,will/would等
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情态动词的主要功能
- can/could 指能力
- I can play tennis
- may 指允诺
- you may leave early
- will指将要
- It will rain soon
- should/ought to “不可推卸的义务或责任”
- you must be quiet
- needn’t 可以不做
- you needn’t wait
- can/could 指能力
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情态动词时态和语态
- 情态动词在形式上没有实义动词的各种变化,现在时和过去时没有什么区别,通过上下文的时间去确定
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would,could, might ,should 可以用will,can,may,shall的过去时,用法和意义没有多大的关联
- 一般说情态动词过去时表达更加委婉等含义
- she says you can/will/may leave early
- 一般说情态动词过去时表达更加委婉等含义
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情态动词should/ought to /could/must 后街动词的完成时态,表特殊含义
- the lights in her room were out 15 minutes before I came here, so she must have been out then(表示对过去情况的推测)
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can/could和be able to 的区别
- 可以互换,can/could侧重能力,be able to侧重“通过努力才能够。。"
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can/could,may/might 用于表示”请求被人允许或答复“
- can /could/may/might I borrow your umbrella?
- can最常用,但不正式
- could比can更为客气,用在不确定情况下能够得到同意的时候
- may比can和could更正式,更加客气和恭敬
- might显得更加由于,也最客气而恭敬
- can /could/may/might I borrow your umbrella?
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情态动词表示推测
- 一般有肯定,可能和推测三种情况
- 说话人对事实确信无疑,用be或任意实义动词直接描述
- 可能发生的事情,may/might/could+动词原形
- 根据上下文推测,must+动词原形
- 情态动词+动词的完成时,表”对过去事实的推测“,有明确的时间状语时,附加问句部分用 过去时助动词。如果没有明确时间状语,用have/has或did两种形式的一种
- I saw he in the park yesterday. She can’t have been in the cinema then(推测)
- She can’t have been in the cinema then, was she?
- she might have left(无时间状语)
- she might have left, hasn’t /didn’t she
- 一般有肯定,可能和推测三种情况
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must,have to , have got to区别
- 一般可以互换,但也有区别。
- 用在第一人称时,must通常强调主观因素或内在因素
- have to, have got to强调客观因素
- I have to leave now
- must 用于不可推卸的责任
- he must phone home at once.
- may表示祝愿,非常希望
- May God be with you
- 一般可以互换,但也有区别。
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need 和dare的区别
- 都可做实义动词
- Dare you do it? 你敢做这件事吗?
- dare表示气愤
- How dare you! 你怎么敢这样
- 都可做实义动词
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would 和used to
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would和used to 表习惯,过去常常
- He used to make her own dresses
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used to “过去常常,现在已经不在。。”
- I used to smoke, but I don’t smoke any more
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used to be/have 可以描述过去的状态
- I used to have a beard, but I’ve shaved it off
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非谓语动词
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包括不定式,现在分词,过去分词和动名词。非谓语动词在句中,充当形容词,副词或名词
- he wanted to find out the secret
不定式
- ”to“+动词原形,有些情况可以省略
- It’s easy to say
- 不定式作let,have,make的补语时,不定式to可以省略
- please let us have more time
- 用于被动语态时,不定式to不能省略
- the worker were made to work ten hours a day
- help 和 know之后作不予的不定式to可以省略
- mother helped me (to) do my homework
- 在并列不定式中,第二个to可以省略
- I’d like to lie down and go to sleep
- 叙述一系列动作时多用不带to的不定式
- the firemen climb the ladder, and enter the building
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动词+宾语
- feel,hear,listen 等跟不带to的不定式或现在分词作补语
- I watched the bird fly the sky
- 使用短暂动词的现在分词,强调动作反复
- I heard him coughing(我听到他反复的咳嗽)
- 感官动词用现在分词的被动形式
- I saw him being taken away by the police
- have+宾语+动词的现在分词,表预期的目标或承诺
- I’ll have you speaking English in six months
- feel,hear,listen 等跟不带to的不定式或现在分词作补语
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带to的不定式
- 表目的
- not to表取舍 not to study French, but to study art
- so as not to 和in order not to, 表反面目的 she shut the door quietly, so as not to wake the baby
- 主语和不定式的逻辑主语不同时,用for+to形式
- only to描述时间或出乎意料的概念,作结果
- we came home after out holiday only to find our garden neat and tidy
- 分裂不定式
- to和动词之间放一个副词
- It’s difficult to really understand the theory of artical
- to和动词之间放一个副词
- 不定式后的动词省略
- 为避免重复,在上下文后面,to后面的动词经常省略
- you don’t have to eat it if you don’t want to
- 为避免重复,在上下文后面,to后面的动词经常省略
- 动词不定式用于被动语态,作主语补足语
- you were advised to leave
- 疑问词+to
- 相当于名词,作主语,宾语或表语
- I don’t know what to choose
- 相当于名词,作主语,宾语或表语
- 动词+宾语+疑问词+to的不定式、从句
- please show me how to start the engine
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it + is/was+adj+of/for+名词/代词+to
- 所属关系用of,没有所属关系用for
- it’s kind of her to help us
- 有些形容词afraid,anxious等经常直接使用人称代词做主语,而不使用上述结构
- he is always ready to take a lot of trouble
- 有些情况be+形容词+带to的不定式可与无生命的主语连用
- My car is reluctant to start in cold weather
- 所属关系用of,没有所属关系用for
动词的ing形式
- 动名词名词性质,作主语,宾语和表语;现在分词具有形容词或副词性质,作定语,状语,补语
- seeing is believing(作表语)
- I like swimming(作宾语)
- this is a running stream (作stream的定语)
- 动名词和现在分词虽然同行,但作用不同,动名词有名词性质,可作主语或宾语
- 动名词作定语
- reading in bes is something I always enjoy
- 动名词作自身状语
- Walking quickly on the muddy road is difficult
- 动名词有时态和语态的变化
- I’m sorry for having wasted your time
- 动名词作介词宾语
- this is a tool used for cutting hedges
- 动名词用在形容词或物主代词之后
- your denying everthing
- 只能接动名词作宾语的动词
- admit,appreciate,avoid
- nee, want,require和demand之后的动名词,有主动性是表被动形式
- your clothes want washing
- 有些情况下,不定式和动名词作动词的宾语时,意义相同
- I can’t bear you to shout /your shouting in that way
- stop,mean,remember, forget等接动名词和不定式意思不同
- I forget to lock the door (忘记去做未来的事情)
- I forget locking the door(忘记所作的事情,已经锁了门,但把这件事忘记)
- 动名词作定语
过去分词
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过去分词和现在分词一样,有形容词或副词的功能,做定语,状语,表语,补语
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seen from the plane, the villas look like some toy boxes(方式状语)
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现在分词和过去分词的区别
- 现在分词表示修饰词之间的主动关系,强调正在发生的
- 过去分词,修饰背诵,强调动作已经完成
独立主格结构
- 名词/代词+逻辑谓语部分
- 谓语部分为现在分词,过去分词,不定式或介词短语
- 一般用于逻辑主语与句子的真正主语不同的句子
- the red traffic lights turning on, the driver stopped his car
- Seeing为现在分词,主语为driver; turning on 的逻辑主语时 the traffic lights