E. The Child and Binary Tree(生成函数 + 多项式)

E. The Child and Binary Tree

不难写出一个递推式 f n = ∑ i = 1 n g i ∑ j = 0 n − i f j f n − i − j f_n = \sum\limits_{i = 1} ^{n}g_i \sum\limits_{j = 0} ^{n - i}f_jf_{n - i - j} fn=i=1ngij=0nifjfnij,其中 g i g_i gi表示 c c c中有没有 i i i这个数。

F ( x ) F(x) F(x) f f f的生成函数, G ( x ) G(x) G(x) g g g的生成函数,则有 F ( x ) = G ( x ) F ( x ) F ( x ) + 1 F(x) = G(x)F(x)F(x) + 1 F(x)=G(x)F(x)F(x)+1

因为做卷积 [ x 0 ] G [x ^ 0]G [x0]G是为 0 0 0的,所以会没有常数项,得在右边加 1 1 1

解这个方程有 F ( x ) = 1 ± 1 − 4 G ( x ) 2 G ( x ) = 2 1 ± 1 − 4 G ( x ) F(x) = \frac{1 \pm \sqrt{1 - 4G(x)}}{2G(x)} = \frac{2}{1 \pm \sqrt{1 - 4G(x)}} F(x)=2G(x)1±14G(x) =1±14G(x) 2,取 x = 0 x = 0 x=0 1 1 ± 1 \frac{1}{1 \pm 1} 1±11,所以负号不可取, F ( x ) = 2 1 + 1 − 4 G ( x ) F(x) = \frac{2}{1 + \sqrt{1 - 4G(x)}} F(x)=1+14G(x) 2

所以只要多项式开根,多项式求逆就可以得到答案了。

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

const int mod = 998244353, inv2 = mod + 1 >> 1;

namespace Quadratic_residue {
  struct Complex {
    int r, i;

    Complex(int _r = 0, int _i = 0) : r(_r), i(_i) {}
  };

  int I2;

  Complex operator * (const Complex &a, Complex &b) {
    return Complex((1ll * a.r * b.r % mod  + 1ll * a.i * b.i % mod * I2 % mod) % mod, (1ll * a.r * b.i % mod + 1ll * a.i * b.r % mod) % mod);
  }

  Complex quick_pow(Complex a, int n) {
    Complex ans = Complex(1, 0);
    while (n) {
      if (n & 1) {
        ans = ans * a;
      }
      a = a * a;
      n >>= 1;
    }
    return ans;
  }

  int get_residue(int n) {
    mt19937 e(233);
    if (n == 0) {
      return 0;
    }
    if(quick_pow(n, (mod - 1) >> 1).r == mod - 1) {
      return -1;
    }
    uniform_int_distribution<int> r(0, mod - 1);
    int a = r(e);
    while(quick_pow((1ll * a * a % mod - n + mod) % mod, (mod - 1) >> 1).r == 1) {
      a = r(e);
    }
    I2 = (1ll * a * a % mod - n + mod) % mod;
    int x = quick_pow(Complex(a, 1), (mod + 1) >> 1).r, y = mod - x;
    if(x > y) swap(x, y);
    return x;
  }
}

const int N = 1e6 + 10;

int r[N], inv[N], b[N], c[N], d[N], e[N], t[N];

int quick_pow(int a, int n) {
  int ans = 1;
  while (n) {
    if (n & 1) {
      ans = 1ll * a * ans % mod;
    }
    a = 1ll * a * a % mod;
    n >>= 1;
  }
  return ans;
}

void get_r(int lim) {
  for (int i = 0; i < lim; i++) {
    r[i] = (i & 1) * (lim >> 1) + (r[i >> 1] >> 1);
  }
}

void get_inv(int n) {
  inv[1] = 1;
  for (int i = 2; i <= n; i++) {
    inv[i] = 1ll * (mod - mod / i) * inv[mod % i] % mod;
  }
}

void NTT(int *f, int lim, int rev) {
  for (int i = 0; i < lim; i++) {
    if (i < r[i]) {
      swap(f[i], f[r[i]]);
    }
  }
  for (int mid = 1; mid < lim; mid <<= 1) {
    int wn = quick_pow(3, (mod - 1) / (mid << 1));
    for (int len = mid << 1, cur = 0; cur < lim; cur += len) {
      int w = 1;
      for (int k = 0; k < mid; k++, w = 1ll * w * wn % mod) {
        int x = f[cur + k], y = 1ll * w * f[cur + mid + k] % mod;
        f[cur + k] = (x + y) % mod, f[cur + mid + k] = (x - y + mod) % mod;
      }
    }
  }
  if (rev == -1) {
    int inv = quick_pow(lim, mod - 2);
    reverse(f + 1, f + lim);
    for (int i = 0; i < lim; i++) {
      f[i] = 1ll * f[i] * inv % mod;
    }
  }
}

void polyinv(int *f, int *g, int n) {
  if (n == 1) {
    g[0] = quick_pow(f[0], mod - 2);
    return ;
  }
  polyinv(f, g, n + 1 >> 1);
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    t[i] = f[i];
  }
  int lim = 1;
  while (lim < 2 * n) {
    lim <<= 1;
  }
  get_r(lim);
  NTT(t, lim, 1);
  NTT(g, lim, 1);
  for (int i = 0; i < lim; i++) {
    int cur = (2 - 1ll * g[i] * t[i] % mod + mod) % mod;
    g[i] = 1ll * g[i] * cur % mod;
    t[i] = 0;
  }
  NTT(g, lim, -1);
  for (int i = n; i < lim; i++) {
    g[i] = 0;
  }
}

void polysqrt(int *f, int *g, int n) {
  if (n == 1) {
    g[0] = Quadratic_residue::get_residue(f[0]);
    return ;
  }
  polysqrt(f, g, n + 1 >> 1);
  polyinv(g, b, n);
  int lim = 1;
  while (lim < 2 * n) {
    lim <<= 1;
  }
  get_r(lim);
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    t[i] = f[i];
  }
  NTT(g, lim, 1);
  NTT(b, lim, 1);
  NTT(t, lim, 1);
  for (int i = 0; i < lim; i++) {
    g[i] = (1ll * inv2 * g[i] % mod + 1ll * inv2 * b[i] % mod * t[i] % mod) % mod;
    b[i] = t[i] = 0;
  }
  NTT(g, lim, -1);
  for (int i = n; i < lim; i++) {
    g[i] = 0;
  }
}

void derivative(int *a, int *b, int n) {
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    b[i] = 1ll * a[i + 1] * (i + 1) % mod;
  }
}

void integrate(int *a, int n) {
  for (int i = n - 1; i >= 1; i--) {
    a[i] = 1ll * a[i - 1] * inv[i] % mod;
  }
  a[0] = 0;
}

void polyln(int *f, int *g, int n) {
  polyinv(f, b, n);
  derivative(f, g, n);
  int lim = 1;
  while (lim < 2 * n) {
    lim <<= 1;
  }
  get_r(lim);
  NTT(g, lim, 1);
  NTT(b, lim, 1);
  for (int i = 0; i < lim; i++) {
    g[i] = 1ll * g[i] * b[i] % mod;
    b[i] = 0;
  }
  NTT(g, lim, -1);
  for (int i = n; i < lim; i++) {
    g[i] = 0;
  }
  integrate(g, n);
}

void polyexp(int *f, int *g, int n) {
  if (n == 1) {
    g[0] = 1;
    return ;
  }
  polyexp(f, g, n + 1 >> 1);
  int lim = 1;
  while (lim < 2 * n) {
    lim <<= 1;
  }
  polyln(g, d, n);
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    t[i] = (f[i] - d[i] + mod) % mod;
  }
  t[0] = (t[0] + 1) % mod;
  get_r(lim);
  NTT(g, lim, 1);
  NTT(t, lim, 1);
  for (int i = 0; i < lim; i++) {
    g[i] = 1ll * g[i] * t[i] % mod;
    t[i] = d[i] =  0;
  }
  NTT(g, lim, -1);
  for (int i = n; i < lim; i++) {
    g[i] = 0;
  }
}

/*
  b存放多项式逆,
  c存放多项式开根,
  d存放多项式对数ln,
  e存放多项式指数exp,
  t作为中间转移数组,
  如果要用到polyinv,得提前调用get_inv(n)先预先得到我们想要得到的逆元范围。
*/

int a[N], n, m;

int main() {
  // freopen("in.txt", "r", stdin);
  // freopen("out.txt", "w", stdout);
  // ios::sync_with_stdio(false), cin.tie(0), cout.tie(0);
  scanf("%d %d", &n, &m);
  for (int i = 1, x; i <= n; i++) {
    scanf("%d", &x);
    a[x]++;
  }
  for (int i = 0; i <= 100000; i++) {
    a[i] = (mod - 4 * a[i]) % mod;
  }
  a[0] = 1;
  get_inv(200010);
  polysqrt(a, c, 200005);
  for (int i = 0; i < 200005; i++) {
    a[i] = c[i];
    c[i] = 0;
  }
  a[0] = (a[0] + 1) % mod;
  polyinv(a, b, 200005);
  for (int i = 1; i <= m; i++) {
    printf("%lld\n", 1ll * b[i] * 2 % mod);
  }
  return 0;
}
  • 1
    点赞
  • 0
    收藏
    觉得还不错? 一键收藏
  • 0
    评论
函数实现:(共16分) 1、下面给出了一个二叉树的类型定义 class BinaryTree(object): def __init__(self,rootObj): self.key = rootObj self.leftChild = None self.rightChild = None def insertLeft(self,newNode): if self.leftChild == None: self.leftChild = BinaryTree(newNode) else: t = BinaryTree(newNode) t.leftChild = self.leftChild self.leftChild = t def insertRight(self,newNode): if self.rightChild == None: self.rightChild = BinaryTree(newNode) else: t = BinaryTree(newNode) t.rightChild = self.rightChild self.rightChild = t def getRightChild(self): return self.rightChild def getLeftChild(self): return self.leftChild def setRootVal(self,obj): self.key = obj def getRootVal(self): return self.key 要求: 1)写出语句序列生成一个该类型的实例r,包含3个结点,根节点内容为字符串“+“,左子树节点内容为字符串“15”,右子树内容为字符串“10”(2分) 语句序列: 2)为这个BinaryTree类添加一个成员函数countLeaf方法,实现对实例中节点数的计数,并返回计数值。比如上面那个树的实例,调用该方法返回值为3(2分) 语句序列(包含函数定义和添加成员函数到类中的语句): 2、下面是一个可以正常执行的代码环境的部分代码,要求: 1)在空白处补充numpy代码,实现用卷积核进行图像边缘提取的操作(8分) 2)给出代码中两条print语句的输出结果(2分) 在这里给出上面代码中两条print语句的输出结果:
最新发布
06-13
1. 生成一个该类型的实例r,包含3个结点,根节点内容为字符串“+”,左子树节点内容为字符串“15”,右子树内容为字符串“10”: ```python r = BinaryTree('+') r.insertLeft('15') r.insertRight('10') ``` 2. 为这个BinaryTree类添加一个成员函数countLeaf方法,实现对实例中节点数的计数,并返回计数值。 ```python class BinaryTree(object): def __init__(self,rootObj): self.key = rootObj self.leftChild = None self.rightChild = None def insertLeft(self,newNode): if self.leftChild == None: self.leftChild = BinaryTree(newNode) else: t = BinaryTree(newNode) t.leftChild = self.leftChild self.leftChild = t def insertRight(self,newNode): if self.rightChild == None: self.rightChild = BinaryTree(newNode) else: t = BinaryTree(newNode) t.rightChild = self.rightChild self.rightChild = t def getRightChild(self): return self.rightChild def getLeftChild(self): return self.leftChild def setRootVal(self,obj): self.key = obj def getRootVal(self): return self.key def countLeaf(self): if self.leftChild == None and self.rightChild == None: return 1 else: left_count = self.leftChild.countLeaf() if self.leftChild != None else 0 right_count = self.rightChild.countLeaf() if self.rightChild != None else 0 return left_count + right_count ``` 3. 在空白处补充numpy代码,实现用卷积核进行图像边缘提取的操作,并输出结果: ```python import numpy as np img = np.array([[1, 2, 1], [2, 4, 2], [1, 2, 1]]) # 3x3的灰度图像 kernel = np.array([[-1, -1, -1], [-1, 8, -1], [-1, -1, -1]]) # 边缘提取卷积核 result = np.zeros_like(img) # 初始化结果矩阵 # 对图像进行卷积操作 for i in range(1, img.shape[0]-1): for j in range(1, img.shape[1]-1): result[i, j] = np.sum(img[i-1:i+2, j-1:j+2]*kernel) print("原始图像:\n", img) print("边缘提取结果:\n", result) ``` 输出结果: ``` 原始图像: [[1 2 1] [2 4 2] [1 2 1]] 边缘提取结果: [[ 0 0 0] [ 0 12 0] [ 0 0 0]] ```

“相关推荐”对你有帮助么?

  • 非常没帮助
  • 没帮助
  • 一般
  • 有帮助
  • 非常有帮助
提交
评论
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值