C语言——结构体与共用体N0.10

一、定义结构体类型变量的方法

例题：嵌套定义

#include<stdio.h>

void main(){

	struct date{
	    int month;
		int day;
		int year;
	};


	struct {
	    int num;
		char *name;
		char sex;
	    struct date  birthday;    //嵌套定义。将年月日见嵌套到birthday中
		float score;
	}boy;

}

#include<stdio.h>

void main(){

	struct student{
	    int num;
		char *name;
		char sex;
		float score;
	}boy;

	boy.num = 007;
	boy.name = "Jane";

	printf("The address of struct is %o:\n",&boy);     //％o以八进制数形式输出整数，
	printf("The address of struct is %o:\n",&boy.num); 
}

为什么会这样呢？

原因和数组差不多，变量名指向的是首地址。

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二、结构体变量的初始化

#include<stdio.h>

void main(){

	struct student{
	    int num;
		char *name;
		char sex;
		double score;
	}boy1,boy2 = {102,"AJ",'M',98.5};  //初始化
	
	boy1 = boy2;

	printf(" number = %d\n name = %s\n score = %lf\n",boy1.num,boy1.name,boy1.score);  
	printf("\n\n");
	printf(" number = %d\n name = %s\n score = %lf\n",boy2.num,boy2.name,boy2.score); 
}

---

例题：投票系统

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>

struct toupiao
{
        char name[20];
        int piaoshu;
        
}a = {"zsl"}, b = {"亚索"}, c = {"盖伦"},d = {"赵信"} ;

void main()
{ 
        char shuru[20] ;
        int i, max, a1=0, b1=0, c1=0, d1=0;
        int x[4]={0,0,0,0};
        
        printf("\t\t\t欢迎进入优秀老师投票系统!\n\n\n");
        printf("选举候选人：\n\t\t\tzsl，亚索，盖伦，赵信\n");
        printf("********************************************************************************\n\n\n");
        for ( i=1 ; i<11 ; i++ )
        {
                printf("第%d位投票，请输入候选人的名字:",i);
                gets( shuru );
                if( strcmp(shuru,a.name)==0 )
                {
                        x[0]++;
                }
                else if( strcmp(shuru,b.name)==0 )
                {
                        x[1]++;
                }
                else if( strcmp(shuru,c.name )==0 )
                {
                        x[2]++;
                }
                else if( strcmp(shuru,d.name )==0 )
                {
                        x[3]++;
                }
        }
        max = x[0] ;
        for( i=1 ; i<4 ; i++ )
        {
                if(max < x[i])
                {
                        max = x[i];
                }
        }
        
        printf("********************************************************************************\n");
        printf("\t各候选人的票数如下:\n\tzsl: %d 票\n\t亚索: %d 票\n\t盖伦: %d 票\n\t赵信: %d 票\n\n", x[0], x[1], x[2],x[3] );
        
        
        
        
        if( max == x[0] )
        {
                printf("本次投票的胜利者是: %s \n", a.name);
        }
    else if( max == x[1] )
        {
                printf("本次投票的胜利者是: %s \n", b.name );
        }
        else if( max == x[2] )
        {
                printf("本次投票的胜利者是: %s \n", c.name );
        }
        else if( max == x[3] )
        {
                printf("本次投票的胜利者是: %s \n", d.name );
        }
        
        system("pause");
} 

二、指向结构体类型数据的指针

例题： 指针

#include<stdio.h>

struct stu{
	    int num;
		char *name;
		char sex;
		double score;
	}boy = {102,"AJ",'M',78.5};  //初始化


void main(){
	
	struct stu *pstu;
	pstu = &boy;

	printf(" number = %d\n name = %s\n ",boy.num,boy.name);  

	printf(" number = %d\n name = %s\n ",(*pstu).num,(*pstu).name);
	
	printf(" number = %d\n name = %s\n ",pstu->num,pstu->name);
}

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三、结构指针变量作函数参数

例题：

第一种方法：先用结构体变量作函数参数

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>

struct student{
	    int num;
		char name[20];     //char *name;对应下面的注解
		float score[3];
};

void print(struct student);

void main(){	
	struct student stu;

	stu.num = 8;
	strcpy(stu.name,"baidu.com");//将baidu.com复制给我->stu.name
	stu.score[0] = 98.5;
	stu.score[1] = 99.5;
	stu.score[2] = 95.5;

	print(stu);
}

void print(struct student stu){
	printf("\tnum       :%d\n",stu.num);
	printf("\tname      :%s\n",stu.name);
	printf("\tscore_1   :%5.2f\n",stu.score[0]);
	printf("\tscore_2   :%5.2f\n",stu.score[1]);
	printf("\tscore_3   :%5.2f\n",stu.score[2]);
}

第二种方法：改用指向结构体变量的指针作实参

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>

struct student{
	    int num;
		char name[20];     //char *name;对应下面的注解
		float score[3];
};

void print(struct *p);

void main(){	
	struct student stu;

	stu.num = 8;
	strcpy(stu.name,"baidu.com");//将baidu.com复制给我->stu.name
	stu.score[0] = 98.5;
	stu.score[1] = 99.5;
	stu.score[2] = 95.5;

	print(&stu);
}

void print(struct student *p){
	printf("\tnum       :%d\n",p -> num);
	printf("\tname      :%s\n",p -> name);
	printf("\tscore_1   :%5.2f\n",p -> score[0]);
	printf("\tscore_2   :%5.2f\n",p -> score[1]);
	printf("\tscore_3   :%5.2f\n",p -> score[2]);
	printf("\n");
}

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四、动态存储分配

数组这样定义是错误的：

char a[n];

数组要提前告知数组长度，而往往所需的内存空间取决于实际输入的数据，所以是无法提前确定数组长度的。

4.1、解决方法：

4.1.1、malloc函数

函数原型为:

void *malloc(unsingned int size);

4.1.2、calloc函数

函数原型为:

void *calloc(unsingned n,unsingned size);

4.1.3、free函数

函数原型为:

void free(void p);

4.2、链表

例题：

#include<stdio.h>

struct student{
	    long num;
		float score;
		struct student *next;
};

void main(){	
	struct student a,b,c,*head;   //head是一个指向结构变量的指针

	a.num = 10101;
	a.score = 89.5;
	b.num = 10102;
	b.score = 98.5;
    c.num = 10103;
	c.score = 85;
	
	head = &a;      //head必须指向第一个元素
	a.next = &b;
	b.next = &c;
	c.next = NULL;
	
	do{
		printf("%1d %5.1f\n",head->num,head->score);
		head = head -> next;
	}while(head != NULL);
}

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五、共用体

5.1、共用体的概念

定义结构体变量时，把struct关键字换成union就会定义一个共用体变量。共用体变量中的每个成员共享一个内存地址。

5.2、共用体的引用方式

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六、共用体和结构体的比较

例题：

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七、枚举

#include<stdio.h>
void main(){
	enum weekday{sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat}a,b,c;

	a = sun;  
	b = mon;
	c = tue;

	printf("%d,%d,%d",a,b,c);
	printf("\n\n");
}

sun、mon、tue是给人看的；0,1,2是给机器看的

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八、typedef 定义类型

1、用typedef 声明新的类型名来代替已有的类项名
2、例如：声明INTEGER为整形

#include<stdio.h>
typedef int INTEGER;   //将int替换成了INTEGER

void main(){
	INTEGER i = 666;
	printf("%d\n",i);
}

3、声明结构类型

#include<stdio.h>

typedef struct{
	int month;
	int day;
	int year;
}DATE;

void main(){
	DATE date_one;

	date_one.year = 2021;
	date_one.month = 8;
    date_one.day =   25 ;

	printf("%d - %d - %d\n",date_one.year,date_one.month,date_one.day);
}

typedef与define的区别：

over！

下课！！！