数据结构基础03

排序算法的稳定性：保证相同数字原始相对次序不变

O(N2)
冒泡：稳定
插入：稳定
选择：不稳定
O(NlogN)
归并：稳定
快排：不稳定
堆排：不稳定
现实业务需要保留先前信息 工程中的综合排序算法
样本量小 <60 插排
样本量>60 归并 快排…
基础类型：快排
自定义类型：归并

有关排序问题的补充
归并排序的额外空间复杂度可以变成O(1)
快速排序可以做到稳定性问题，但是非常难，不需要掌握

1、比较器

public static class Student {
		public String name;
		public int id;
		public int age;

		public Student(String name, int id, int age) {
			this.name = name;
			this.id = id;
			this.age = age;
		}
	}

	public static class IdAscendingComparator implements Comparator<Student> {

		@Override
		public int compare(Student o1, Student o2) {
			return o1.id - o2.id;
		}

	}

	public static class IdDescendingComparator implements Comparator<Student> {

		@Override
		public int compare(Student o1, Student o2) {
			return o2.id - o1.id;
		}

	}

	public static class AgeAscendingComparator implements Comparator<Student> {

		@Override
		public int compare(Student o1, Student o2) {
			return o1.age - o2.age;
		}

	}

	public static class AgeDescendingComparator implements Comparator<Student> {

		@Override
		public int compare(Student o1, Student o2) {
			return o2.age - o1.age;
		}

	}

	public static void printStudents(Student[] students) {
		for (Student student : students) {
			System.out.println("Name : " + student.name + ", Id : " + student.id + ", Age : " + student.age);
		}
		System.out.println("===========================");
	}

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		Student student1 = new Student("A", 1, 23);
		Student student2 = new Student("B", 2, 21);
		Student student3 = new Student("C", 3, 22);

		Student[] students = new Student[] { student3, student2, student1 };
		printStudents(students);

		Arrays.sort(students, new IdAscendingComparator());
		printStudents(students);

		Arrays.sort(students, new IdDescendingComparator());
		printStudents(students);

		Arrays.sort(students, new AgeAscendingComparator());
		printStudents(students);

		Arrays.sort(students, new AgeDescendingComparator());
		printStudents(students);

	}

桶排序、计数排序、基数排序
非基于比较的排序，与被排序的样本的实际数据状况很有关系，所 以实际中并不经常使用
时间复杂度O(N)，额外空间复杂度O(N)
稳定的排序

2、给定一个数组，求如果排序之后，相邻两数的最大差值，要求时间复杂度O(N)，且要求不能用非基于比较的排序。

public static int maxGap(int[] nums) {
		if (nums == null || nums.length < 2) {
			return 0;
		}
		int len = nums.length;
		int min = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
		int max = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
		for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
			min = Math.min(min, nums[i]);
			max = Math.max(max, nums[i]);
		}
		if (min == max) {
			return 0;
		}
		boolean[] hasNum = new boolean[len + 1];
		int[] maxs = new int[len + 1];
		int[] mins = new int[len + 1];
		int bid = 0;
		for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
			bid = bucket(nums[i], len, min, max);
			mins[bid] = hasNum[bid] ? Math.min(mins[bid], nums[i]) : nums[i];
			maxs[bid] = hasNum[bid] ? Math.max(maxs[bid], nums[i]) : nums[i];
			hasNum[bid] = true;
		}
		int res = 0;
		int lastMax = maxs[0];
		int i = 1;
		for (; i <= len; i++) {
			if (hasNum[i]) {
				res = Math.max(res, mins[i] - lastMax);
				lastMax = maxs[i];
			}
		}
		return res;
	}

	public static int bucket(long num, long len, long min, long max) {
		return (int) ((num - min) * len / (max - min));
	}

public static int bucket(long num, long len, long min, long max) {
return (int) ((num - min) * len / (max - min));
}

3、用数组结构实现大小固定的队列和栈

public static class ArrayStack {
		private Integer[] arr;
		private Integer size;

		public ArrayStack(int initSize) {
			if (initSize < 0) {
				throw new IllegalArgumentException("The init size is less than 0");
			}
			arr = new Integer[initSize];
			size = 0;
		}

		public Integer peek() {
			if (size == 0) {
				return null;
			}
			return arr[size - 1];
		}

		public void push(int obj) {
			if (size == arr.length) {
				throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException("The queue is full");
			}
			arr[size++] = obj;
		}

		public Integer pop() {
			if (size == 0) {
				throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException("The queue is empty");
			}
			return arr[--size];
		}
	}

	public static class ArrayQueue {
		private Integer[] arr;
		private Integer size;
		private Integer first;
		private Integer last;

		public ArrayQueue(int initSize) {
			if (initSize < 0) {
				throw new IllegalArgumentException("The init size is less than 0");
			}
			arr = new Integer[initSize];
			size = 0;
			first = 0;
			last = 0;
		}

		public Integer peek() {
			if (size == 0) {
				return null;
			}
			return arr[first];
		}

		public void push(int obj) {
			if (size == arr.length) {
				throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException("The queue is full");
			}
			size++;
			arr[last] = obj;
			last = last == arr.length - 1 ? 0 : last + 1;
		}

		public Integer poll() {
			if (size == 0) {
				throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException("The queue is empty");
			}
			size--;
			int tmp = first;
			first = first == arr.length - 1 ? 0 : first + 1;
			return arr[tmp];
		}
	}

4、实现一个特殊的栈，在实现栈的基本功能的基础上，再实现返 回栈中最小元素的操作。
思想：两个栈，一个栈放数据一个栈放最小值
【要求】 1．pop、push、getMin操作的时间复杂度都是O(1)。 2．设计的栈类型可以使用现成的栈结构。
data栈 min栈

public static class MyStack1 {
		private Stack<Integer> stackData;
		private Stack<Integer> stackMin;

		public MyStack1() {
			this.stackData = new Stack<Integer>();
			this.stackMin = new Stack<Integer>();
		}

		public void push(int newNum) {
			if (this.stackMin.isEmpty()) {
				this.stackMin.push(newNum);
			} else if (newNum <= this.getmin()) {
				this.stackMin.push(newNum);
			}
			this.stackData.push(newNum);
		}

		public int pop() {
			if (this.stackData.isEmpty()) {
				throw new RuntimeException("Your stack is empty.");
			}
			int value = this.stackData.pop();
			if (value == this.getmin()) {
				this.stackMin.pop();
			}
			return value;
		}

		public int getmin() {
			if (this.stackMin.isEmpty()) {
				throw new RuntimeException("Your stack is empty.");
			}
			return this.stackMin.peek();
		}
	}

	public static class MyStack2 {
		private Stack<Integer> stackData;
		private Stack<Integer> stackMin;

		public MyStack2() {
			this.stackData = new Stack<Integer>();
			this.stackMin = new Stack<Integer>();
		}

		public void push(int newNum) {
			if (this.stackMin.isEmpty()) {
				this.stackMin.push(newNum);
			} else if (newNum < this.getmin()) {
				this.stackMin.push(newNum);
			} else {
				int newMin = this.stackMin.peek();
				this.stackMin.push(newMin);
			}
			this.stackData.push(newNum);
		}

		public int pop() {
			if (this.stackData.isEmpty()) {
				throw new RuntimeException("Your stack is empty.");
			}
			this.stackMin.pop();
			return this.stackData.pop();
		}

		public int getmin() {
			if (this.stackMin.isEmpty()) {
				throw new RuntimeException("Your stack is empty.");
			}
			return this.stackMin.peek();
		}
	}

如何仅用队列结构实现栈结构？思想：两个队列实现栈queue和help，存数据直接放入queue，弹出数据时将前n-1个元素转至help，弹出最后一个数，help与queue对调
如何仅用栈结构实现队列结构？思想：两个栈实现队列，一个栈负责入一个栈负责出，出栈空时把入栈数转入出栈

public static class TwoStacksQueue {
		private Stack<Integer> stackPush;
		private Stack<Integer> stackPop;

		public TwoStacksQueue() {
			stackPush = new Stack<Integer>();
			stackPop = new Stack<Integer>();
		}

		public void push(int pushInt) {
			stackPush.push(pushInt);
		}

		public int poll() {
			if (stackPop.empty() && stackPush.empty()) {
				throw new RuntimeException("Queue is empty!");
			} else if (stackPop.empty()) {
				while (!stackPush.empty()) {
					stackPop.push(stackPush.pop());
				}
			}
			return stackPop.pop();
		}

		public int peek() {
			if (stackPop.empty() && stackPush.empty()) {
				throw new RuntimeException("Queue is empty!");
			} else if (stackPop.empty()) {
				while (!stackPush.empty()) {
					stackPop.push(stackPush.pop());
				}
			}
			return stackPop.peek();
		}
	}

	public static class TwoQueuesStack {
		private Queue<Integer> queue;
		private Queue<Integer> help;

		public TwoQueuesStack() {
			queue = new LinkedList<Integer>();
			help = new LinkedList<Integer>();
		}

		public void push(int pushInt) {
			queue.add(pushInt);
		}

		public int peek() {
			if (queue.isEmpty()) {
				throw new RuntimeException("Stack is empty!");
			}
			while (queue.size() != 1) {
				help.add(queue.poll());
			}
			int res = queue.poll();
			help.add(res);
			swap();
			return res;
		}

		public int pop() {
			if (queue.isEmpty()) {
				throw new RuntimeException("Stack is empty!");
			}
			while (queue.size() > 1) {
				help.add(queue.poll());
			}
			int res = queue.poll();
			swap();
			return res;
		}

		private void swap() {
			Queue<Integer> tmp = help;
			help = queue;
			queue = tmp;
		}

	}