Linux——SSH远程管理

一.SSH协议

为客户机提供安全的Shell环境，用于远程管理
默认端口：TCP 22
OpenSSH
服务名称：sshd
服务端主程序：/usr/sbin/sshd
服务端配置文件：/etc/ssh/sshd_config



服务监听选项
端口号、协议版本、监听IP地址
禁用反向解析
用户登录控制
禁止root用户、空密码用户
登录时间、重试次数
AllowUsers、DenyUsers
AllowUsers不要与DenyUsers同时使用
登录验证对象
服务器中的本地用户账号
登录验证方式
密码验证：核对用户名、密码是否匹配
秘钥对验证：核对客户的私钥、服务端公钥是否匹配
构建秘钥对验证的SSH体系
整体实现过程

本项目环境：VM虚拟机，一台服务器作为服务端，一台服务器作为客户端
本项目目的：了解sshd远程登录管理，密钥对验证，Tcp wappers访问控制

二.sshd远程登录

1.查看sshd服务

[root@localhost ~]# netstat -ntap | grep 22
tcp 0 0 192.168.122.1:53 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 3252/dnsm
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 968/sshd //默认我们的SSHD是开启的
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6010 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 16227/sshot@pt
tcp 0 0 192.168.17.128:49342 180.97.251.226:80 TIME_WAIT -
tcp 0 0 192.168.17.128:42522 202.141.176.110:80

2.了解SSHD服务端配置文件

[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config //服务端的SSHD配置文件
17 #Port 22 //端口
18 #AddressFamily any
19 #ListenAddress 0.0.0.0 //监听地址
20 #ListenAddress :: //IPV6地址
37#LoginGraceTime 2m //2分钟会话时间
38 #PermitRootLogin yes //允许ROOT登录
39 #StrictModes yes //验证你的访问权限
40 #MaxAuthTries 6 //验证次数
41 #MaxSessions 10 // 访问最大连接数10个

#PubkeyAuthentication yes //公钥验证开启

3.使用客户端去远程登录服务端的ROOT用户

[root@test02 ~]# ssh root@192.168.17.128
The authenticity of host ‘192.168.17.128 (192.168.17.128)’ can’t be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:Rpsrtp0nMlVYADWOhRjM0UVz6wVl682cNuzxhF0Q7C8.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:fa:c3:d9:5c:96:87:ce:16:d8:63:b3:0c:7b:26:45:1f.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added ‘192.168.17.128’ (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@192.168.17.128’s password:
Last login: Mon Sep 16 12:07:36 2019

4.把服务端的远程登录ROOT用户关掉

37 #LoginGraceTime 2m
38 #PermitRootLogin no //禁止远程用户用ROOT登录
39 #StrictModes yes
40 #MaxAuthTries 6
41 #MaxSessions 10

5.去服务端验证是否能登录ROOT用户

[root@test02 ~]# ssh root@192.168.17.128
root@192.168.17.128’s password:
Permission denied, please try again.
root@192.168.17.128’s password:

6.客户端切换到普通用户lisi,再切到ROOT用户也行（不安全）

[root@test02 ~]# ssh lisi@192.168.17.128
lisi@192.168.17.128’s password:
[lisi@test01 ~]$ su - root
密码：
上一次登录：一 9月 16 12:17:31 CST 2019pts/2 上
最后一次失败的登录：一 9月 16 12:25:59 CST 2019pts/2 上
最有一次成功登录后有 1 次失败的登录尝试。
[root@test01 ~]#

7.把服务端开启PAM认证

vim /etc/pam.d/su
//把“#”号去掉auth required pam_wheel.so use_uid
auth substack system-auth
auth include postlogin

8.再去客户端去验证一下

[lisi@test01 ~]$ su - root
密码：
su: 拒绝权限

9.在客户端尝试输错三次密码，发现就退出来了，我们原本服务端设置的是验证次数是6次

[root@test02 ~]# ssh chen@192.168.17.128
chen@192.168.17.128’s password:
Permission denied, please try again.
chen@192.168.17.128’s password:
Permission denied, please try again.
chen@192.168.17.128’s password:
Permission denied, please try again.
[root@test02 ~]#

10.在客户端切到ROOT用户，设置验证次数为8次

[root@test01 ~]# ssh -o NumberOfPasswordPrompts=8 chen@192.168.17.128
The authenticity of host ‘192.168.17.128 (192.168.17.128)’ can’t be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:Rpsrtp0nMlVYADWOhRjM0UVz6wVl682cNuzxhF0Q7C8.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:fa:c3:d9:5c:96:87:ce:16:d8:63:b3:0c:7b:26:45:1f.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added ‘192.168.17.128’ (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
chen@192.168.17.128’s password:
Permission denied, please try again.
chen@192.168.17.128’s password:
Permission denied, please try again.
chen@192.168.17.128’s password:
Permission denied, please try again.
chen@192.168.17.128’s password:
Permission denied, please try again.
chen@192.168.17.128’s password:
Permission denied, please try again.
chen@192.168.17.128’s password:
Received disconnect from 192.168.17.128 port 22:2: Too many authentication failures
Authentication failed.
[root@test01 ~]#

11.设置SSH远程登录的黑白名单

37 #LoginGraceTime 2m
38 #PermitRootLogin no
39 #StrictModes yes
40 #MaxAuthTries 6
41 #MaxSessions 10
42 Allow Users chen@192.168.17.130
//只允许chen这个用户用192.168.17.130地址登录
[root@test01 ~]# systemctl restart sshd

12.了解三种远程管理

scp 远程复制
sftp get 远程下载文件
sftp put 远程上传文件

三.密钥对验证登录

1.服务端开启公私钥验证登录

[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config //服务端的SSHD配置文件
43 PubkeyAuthentication yes 把“#”去掉开启公私钥验证登录
44
45 # The default is to check both .ssh/authorized_keys and .ssh/authorized_keys 2
46 # but this is overridden so installations will only check .ssh/authorized_ke ys
47 AuthorizedKeysFile .ssh/authorized_keys
//生成的公私密钥会在这个目录底下

2.客户端，给chen用户生成密钥

[root@client ~]# ls /home/
chen
[root@client ~]# ssh-keygen -t ecdsa
Generating public/private ecdsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_ecdsa):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_ecdsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_ecdsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:HqV9MQWYPqLHSodJciQEDpGhsbQheF3gVqXLMD6mhTo root@client
The key’s randomart image is:
±–[ECDSA 256]—+
|B*.+ooo… o… |
|*=+.o… o . |
|oo. =o. … o |
| +.+o…+o o |
| . =+o=S… |
| . + .=.+. . |
|E . . +. |
| . . |
| |
±—[SHA256]-----+

3.查看chen用户当中的公私钥目录

[root@client ~]# ls -a
. .bash_logout .dbus .mozilla 模板
… .bash_profile .esd_auth .ssh 视频
.1234.txt.swp .bashrc .ICEauthority .tcshrc 图片
abc .cache initial-setup-ks.cfg test 文档
abc.txt chen is this 下载
anaconda-ks.cfg chenchen .lesshst .viminfo 音乐
.anacond-ks.cfg.swp .config .local .Xauthority 桌面
.bash_history .cshrc lshelp1.txt 公共
[root@client ~]# cd .ssh/
[root@client .ssh]# ls
id_ecdsa id_ecdsa.pub known_hosts

4.把chen公钥发送给服务端的公钥目录中

[root@client .ssh]# ssh-copy-id -i id_ecdsa.pub chen@192.168.17.128
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: “id_ecdsa.pub”
The authenticity of host ‘192.168.17.128 (192.168.17.128)’ can’t be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:Rpsrtp0nMlVYADWOhRjM0UVz6wVl682cNuzxhF0Q7C8.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:fa:c3:d9:5c:96:87:ce:16:d8:63:b3:0c:7b:26:45:1f.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed – if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
chen@192.168.17.128’s password:

Number of key(s) added: 1

Now try logging into the machine, with: “ssh ‘chen@192.168.17.128’”
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.

5.去服务端查看有没有chen用户的公钥

[root@localhost chen]# cd .ssh/
[root@localhost .ssh]# ls
authorized_keys
[root@localhost .ssh]# cat authorized_keys
ecdsa-sha2-nistp256 AAAAE2VjZHNhLXNoYTItbmlzdHAyNTYAAAAIbmlzdHAyNTYAAABBBC3jJu7k3skpOWd5azNtHhohBCyQvcE5vMQblIICOn48GGL3h1tQ9d7m34liu7YdXcdY+oLyQvgl23xiP9Au8ug= root@client

6.客户端远程密钥对登录验证

[root@client .ssh]# ssh chen@192.168.17.128
Enter passphrase for key ‘/root/.ssh/id_ecdsa’:
Last login: Sat Aug 10 00:32:52 2019

7.免交互，免去密钥对登录验证

[chen@localhost ~]$ exit
登出
Connection to 192.168.17.128 closed.
[root@client .ssh]# ssh-agent bash //代理bash环境
[root@client .ssh]# ssh-add //添加我们密钥对的密码
Enter passphrase for /root/.ssh/id_ecdsa:
Identity added: /root/.ssh/id_ecdsa (/root/.ssh/id_ecdsa)
[root@client .ssh]# ssh chen@192.168.17.128
Last login: Mon Sep 16 13:09:06 2019 from 192.168.17.134
[chen@localhost ~]$