极限运算是针对 自变量的同一变化过程
1. 极限运算法则
- 定理1 两个无穷小的和是无穷小
- 有限个无穷小之和也是无穷小
- 定理2 有界函数与无穷小的乘积是无穷小
- 推论1 常数与无穷小的乘积是无穷小
- 推论2 有限个无穷小的乘积是无穷小
- 定理3 如果
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\lim f(x)=A,\lim g(x)=B
limf(x)=A,limg(x)=B,那么
( 1 ) lim [ f ( x ) ± g ( x ) ] = lim f ( x ) ± lim g ( x ) = A ± B (1) \lim [f(x)\pm g(x)]=\lim f(x)\pm \lim g(x)=A\pm B (1)lim[f(x)±g(x)]=limf(x)±limg(x)=A±B
( 2 ) lim [ f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x ) ] = lim f ( x ) ⋅ lim g ( x ) = A ⋅ B (2) \lim[f(x)·g(x)]=\lim f(x)·\lim g(x)=A·B (2)lim[f(x)⋅g(x)]=limf(x)⋅limg(x)=A⋅B
( 3 ) lim f ( x ) g ( x ) = lim f ( x ) lim g ( x ) = A B ( B ≠ 0 ) (3)\lim \dfrac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\dfrac{\lim f(x)}{\lim g(x)}=\dfrac{A}{B}(B\ne 0) (3)limg(x)f(x)=limg(x)limf(x)=BA(B=0)- 推论1 如果 lim f ( x ) \lim f(x) limf(x)存在,而 c c c为常数,那么 lim [ c f ( x ) ] = c lim f ( x ) \lim [cf(x)]=c\lim f(x) lim[cf(x)]=climf(x)
- 推论2 如果 lim f ( x ) \lim f(x) limf(x)存在,且 n n n是正整数,那么 lim [ f ( x ) ] n = [ lim f ( x ) ] n \lim[f(x)]^n=[\lim f(x)]^n lim[f(x)]n=[limf(x)]n
- 定理4 设有数列 { x n } \{x_n\} {xn}和 { y n } \{y_n\} {yn}。如果 lim n → ∞ x n = A , lim n → ∞ y n = B \lim_{n\rightarrow\infin}x_n=A,\lim_{n\rightarrow\infin}y_n=B n→∞limxn=A,n→∞limyn=B那么 ( 1 ) lim n → ∞ ( x n ± y n ) = A ± B ( 2 ) lim n → ∞ ( x n ⋅ y n ) = A ⋅ B ( 3 ) lim n → ∞ x n y n = A B ( y n ≠ 0 , B ≠ 0 ) (1)\lim_{n\rightarrow\infin}(x_n\pm y_n)=A\pm B\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \\(2)\lim_{n\rightarrow\infin}(x_n·y_n)=A·B\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \\ \\(3)\lim_{n\rightarrow\infin}\frac{x_n}{y_n}=\dfrac{A}{B}(y_n\ne0,B\ne0) (1)n→∞lim(xn±yn)=A±B (2)n→∞lim(xn⋅yn)=A⋅B (3)n→∞limynxn=BA(yn=0,B=0)
- 定理5 如果 ϕ ( x ) ≥ ψ ( x ) \phi(x)\ge\psi(x) ϕ(x)≥ψ(x),而 lim ϕ ( x ) = A , lim ψ ( x ) = B \lim\phi(x)=A,\lim\psi(x)=B limϕ(x)=A,limψ(x)=B,那么 A ≥ B A\ge B A≥B
- 定理6(复合函数的极限运算法则)
设函数 y = f [ g ( x ) ] y=f[g(x)] y=f[g(x)]是由函数 u = g ( x ) u=g(x) u=g(x)与函数 y = f ( u ) y=f(u) y=f(u)复合而成, f [ g ( x ) ] f[g(x)] f[g(x)]在点 x 0 x_0 x0的某去心邻域内有定义,若 lim x → x 0 g ( x ) = u 0 , lim u → u 0 f ( u ) = A , \lim_{x\rightarrow x_0}g(x)=u_0,\lim_{u\rightarrow u_0}f(u)=A, x→x0limg(x)=u0,u→u0limf(u)=A,且存在 δ 0 > 0 , \delta_0>0, δ0>0,当 x ∈ U ∘ ( x 0 , δ 0 ) x\in U^{\circ}(x_0,\delta_0) x∈U∘(x0,δ0)时,有 g ( x ) ≠ u 0 g(x)\ne u_0 g(x)=u0,则 lim x → x 0 f [ g ( x ) ] = lim u → u 0 f ( u ) = A \lim_{x\rightarrow x_0}f[g(x)]=\lim_{u\rightarrow u_0}f(u)=A x→x0limf[g(x)]=u→u0limf(u)=A
2. 极限运算方法
- 设多项式 f ( x ) = a 0 x n + a 1 x n − 1 + . . . + a n f(x)=a_0x^n+a_1x^{n-1}+...+a_n f(x)=a0xn+a1xn−1+...+an,则 lim x → x 0 f ( x ) = f ( x 0 ) \lim_{x\rightarrow x_0}f(x)=f(x_0) x→x0limf(x)=f(x0)
- 设有理分式函数 F ( x ) = P ( x ) Q ( x ) , F(x)=\frac{P(x)}{Q(x)}, F(x)=Q(x)P(x),其中 P ( x ) , Q ( x ) P(x),Q(x) P(x),Q(x)都是多项式,于是 lim x → x 0 P ( x ) = P ( x 0 ) , lim x → x 0 Q ( x ) = Q ( x 0 ) \lim_{x\rightarrow x_0}P(x)=P(x_0),\lim_{x\rightarrow x_0}Q(x)=Q(x_0) x→x0limP(x)=P(x0),x→x0limQ(x)=Q(x0)如果 Q ( x 0 ) ≠ 0 Q(x_0)\ne 0 Q(x0)=0,那么 lim x → x 0 F ( x ) = lim x → x 0 P ( x ) Q ( x ) = P ( x 0 ) Q ( x 0 ) = F ( x 0 ) \lim_{x\rightarrow x_0}F(x)=\lim_{x\rightarrow x_0}\frac{P(x)}{Q(x)}=\frac{P(x_0)}{Q(x_0)}=F(x_0) x→x0limF(x)=x→x0limQ(x)P(x)=Q(x0)P(x0)=F(x0)如果 Q ( x 0 ) = 0 Q(x_0)= 0 Q(x0)=0,那么要考虑约去零因子以及 lim x → ∞ a 0 x m + a 1 x m − 1 + . . . + a m b 0 x n + b 1 x n − 1 + . . . + b n = { 0 , n > m a 0 b 0 , n = m ∞ , n < m \lim_{x\rightarrow \infin}\frac{a_0x^m+a_1x^{m-1}+...+a_m}{b_0x^n+b_1x^{n-1}+...+b_n}=\begin{cases}0,n>m\\\frac{a_0}{b_0},n=m\\\infin,n<m\end{cases} x→∞limb0xn+b1xn−1+...+bna0xm+a1xm−1+...+am=⎩ ⎨ ⎧0,n>mb0a0,n=m∞,n<m等特殊方法