线程与进程的区别
https://www.cnblogs.com/xiehongfeng100/p/4620852.html
API
线程
int pthread_create(pthread_t *restrict tidp, const pthread_attr_t *restrict attr, void *(*start_rtn)(void *), void *restrict arg);
int pthread_exit(void *rval_ptr);
int pthread_join(pthread_t thread, void **rval_ptr);
pthread_t pthread_self(void);//获取线程ID
互斥锁
int pthread_mutex_init(pthread_mutex_t *restrict mutex, const pthread_mutexattr_t *restrict attr);
int pthread_mutex_destroy(pthread_mutex_t mutex);
int pthread_mutex_lock(pthread_mutex_t mutex);
int pthread_mutex_trylock(pthread_mutex_t mutex);
int pthread_mutex_unlock(pthread_mutex_t mutex);
条件
int pthread_cond_init(pthread_cond_t *restrict cond, const pthread_condattr_t *restrict attr);
int pthread_cond_destroy(pthread_cond_t cond);
int pthread_cond_wait(pthread_cond_t *restrict cond, pthread_mutex_t *restrict mutex);
int pthread_cond_timedwait(pthread_cond_t *restrict cond, pthread_mutex_t *restrict mutex, cond struct timespec *restrict timeout);
int pthread_cond_broadcast(pthread_cond_t cond);
int pthread_cond_signal(pthread_cond_t cond);
- pthread_create函数其中 参数一由tidp指向的内存单元被设置为新创建线程的线程ID,由于phread_t为长整型,因此打印大时候要以ld打印,参数二attr用于定制各种不同的线程属性,暂可以把它设置为NULL,以创建默认属性的线程,新创建的线程从参数三start_rtn函数的地址开始运行,该函数只有一个无类型指针参数arg。如果需要向start_rtn函数传递的参数不止一个,那么需要把这些参数放到一个结构中,然后把这个结构的地址作为arg参数传入。
- pthread_exit函数其中的参数可以存储退出值的地址,rval_ptr是一个无类型指针,与传给启动例程的单个参数类似。进程中的其他线程可以通过调用pthread_join函数访问到这个指针。
- pthread_join函数参数一为线程ID,调用这个函数后会阻塞到线程执行pthread_exit函数,设置rval_ptr可以的到退出值,如果对退出值不感兴趣的话就设置为NULL。
新建一个线程以及等待退出
void *func1(void *arg)
{
// static int ret = 10;
static char *p="xiao ma ";
printf("t1:%ld thread is create\n",(unsigned long)pthread_self());
printf("t1:parm is %d\n",*((int *)arg));
// pthread_exit((void *)&ret);
pthread_exit((void *)p);
}
int main()
{
int ret;
int param = 100;
pthread_t t1;
// int *pret=NULL;
char *pret=NULL;
ret=pthread_create(&t1,NULL,func1,(void *)¶m);
if(ret == 0){
printf("main:creat t1 success\n");
}
printf("main:%ld\n",(unsigned long)pthread_self());
//while(1);
pthread_join(t1,(void **)&pret);//获取线程退出的值
printf("main: t1 quit:%s\n",pret);
return 0;
}
使用互斥锁双线程数据同步
int g_data = 0;
pthread_mutex_t mutex;
void *func1(void *arg)
{
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
printf("t1:%ld thread is create\n",(unsigned long)pthread_self());
printf("t1:parm is %d\n",*((int *)arg));
while(1){
printf("t1:%d\n",g_data++);
sleep(1);
if(g_data==3){
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
printf("t1 quit -------");
pthread_exit(NULL);
// exit(0);
}
}
}
void *func2(void *arg)
{
printf("t2:%ld thread is create\n",(unsigned long)pthread_self());
printf("t2:parm is %d\n",*((int *)arg));
while(1){
printf("t2:%d\n",g_data);
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
g_data++;
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
sleep(1);
}
}
int main()
{
int ret;
int param = 100;
pthread_t t1;
pthread_t t2;
pthread_mutex_init(&mutex,NULL);
ret=pthread_create(&t1,NULL,func1,(void *)¶m);
if(ret == 0){
printf("main:creat t1 success\n");
}
ret=pthread_create(&t2,NULL,func2,(void *)¶m);
if(ret == 0){
printf("main:creat t2 success\n");
}
printf("main:%ld\n",(unsigned long)pthread_self());
pthread_join(t1,NULL);
pthread_join(t2,NULL);
pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex);
return 0;
}
fun1与fun2谁先得锁不知道,但一旦fun1得锁就需要使得g_data到打3时才能解锁,退出的时候需要使用pthread_exit,线程中使用exit会使整个进程退出
线程条件加互斥锁
#include "pthread.h"
#include "stdlib.h"
#include "stdio.h"
//int pthread_create(pthread_t *restrict tidp, const pthread_attr_t *restrict attr, void *(*start_rtn)(void *), void *restrict arg);
int g_data = 0;
pthread_mutex_t mutex=PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
pthread_cond_t cond=PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;
void *func1(void *arg)
{
printf("t1:%ld thread is create\n",(unsigned long)pthread_self());
printf("t1:parm is %d\n",*((int *)arg));
static int cnt = 0;
while(1){
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
pthread_cond_wait(&cond,&mutex);
printf("t1 run -------\n");
printf("t1:%d\n",g_data);
g_data=0;
sleep(1);
if(cnt++==10) exit(1);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
}
}
void *func2(void *arg)
{
printf("t2:%ld thread is create\n",(unsigned long)pthread_self());
printf("t2:parm is %d\n",*((int *)arg));
while(1){
printf("t2:%d\n",g_data);
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
g_data++;
if(g_data==3){
pthread_cond_signal(&cond);
}
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
sleep(1);
}
}
int main()
{
int ret;
int param = 100;
pthread_t t1;
pthread_t t2;
// pthread_mutex_init(&mutex,NULL);
// pthread_cond_init(&cond,NULL);
ret=pthread_create(&t1,NULL,func1,(void *)¶m);
if(ret == 0){
// printf("main:creat t1 success\n");
}
ret=pthread_create(&t2,NULL,func2,(void *)¶m);
if(ret == 0){
// printf("main:creat t2 success\n");
}
// printf("main:%ld\n",(unsigned long)pthread_self());
pthread_join(t1,NULL);
pthread_join(t2,NULL);
pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex);
pthread_cond_destroy(&cond);
return 0;
}
pthread_mutex_t mutex=PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
pthread_cond_t cond=PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;
两个宏分别为互斥锁和条件初始化
对于上述深入理解pthread_cond_wait、pthread_cond_signal
例如
pthread_mutex_lock(&mut);
while (x <= y) {
pthread_cond_wait(&cond, &mut);
}
/* operate on x and y */
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mut);
和: pthread_mutex_lock(&mut);
/* modify x and y */
if (x > y) pthread_cond_signal(&cond);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mut);
其实函数的执行过程非常简单,在第一个线程执行到pthread_cond_wait(&cond,&mut)时,此时如果X<=Y,则此函数就将mut互斥量解锁 ,再将cond条件变量加锁 ,此时第一个线程挂起 (不占用任何CPU周期)。
而在第二个线程中,本来因为mut被第一个线程锁住而阻塞,此时因为mut已经释放,所以可以获得锁mut,并且进行修改X和Y的值,在修改之后,一个IF语句判定是不是X>Y,如果是,则此时pthread_cond_signal()函数会唤醒第一个线程 ,并在下一句中释放互斥量mut。然后第一个线程开始从pthread_cond_wait()执行,首先要再次锁mut , 如果锁成功,再进行条件的判断 (至于为什么用WHILE,即在被唤醒之后还要再判断,后面有原因分析),如果满足条件,则被唤醒 进行处理,最后释放互斥量mut 。