RH124(3)----Linux中的输入输出管理

1、理解什么输入输出的定义

1)字符设备
字符设备就是显示字符到屏幕上的设备文件

2)stdin
标准输入
编号为0
键盘 鼠标 打字机

3)stdout
标准正确输出
标号为1

4)stderr
标准错误输出
标号为2

2、如何管理输入

外界传递到程序中的信息
1)< 输入重定向
tr ‘a-z’ ‘A-Z’ < test ##把test文件中的内容定向到tr程序中

[root@localhost mnt]# touch file1
[root@localhost mnt]# vim file1
[root@localhost mnt]# tr 'a-z' 'A-Z' < file1
HELLO
WESTOS
LINUX
[root@localhost mnt]# cat file1 
hello
westos
linux

2)<< 多行录入
tr ‘a-z’ ‘A-Z’ <<EOF(字符任意)
test ##此处的test不能表示为文件名称只表示test字符
test1
EOF (当首字母再次出现表示录入结束)

[root@localhost mnt]# tr 'a-z' 'A-Z' << a
> westos
> hello
> a
WESTOS
HELLO

3、如何管理系统输出

输出重定向

2>
&>
find /etc -name passwd > westos.out ##重定向正确输出
find /etc -name passwd 2> westos.out##重定向错误输出
find /etc -name passwd &> westos.out##重定向所有输出

[westos@localhost Desktop]$ find /etc -name passwd > westos.out
find: ‘/etc/pki/rsyslog’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/lvm/archive’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/lvm/backup’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/lvm/cache’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/dhcp’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/cups/ssl’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/nftables’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/sssd’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/grub.d’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/polkit-1/rules.d’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/polkit-1/localauthority’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/audit’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/named’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/libvirt’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/firewalld’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/sudoers.d’: Permission denied
[westos@localhost Desktop]$ find /etc -name passwd 2> westos.err
/etc/pam.d/passwd
/etc/passwd
[westos@localhost Desktop]$ find /etc -name passwd &> westos.all
[westos@localhost Desktop]$ find /etc -name passwd 
find: ‘/etc/pki/rsyslog’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/lvm/archive’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/lvm/backup’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/lvm/cache’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/dhcp’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/cups/ssl’: Permission denied
/etc/pam.d/passwd
/etc/passwd
find: ‘/etc/nftables’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/sssd’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/grub.d’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/polkit-1/rules.d’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/polkit-1/localauthority’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/audit’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/named’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/libvirt’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/firewalld’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/sudoers.d’: Permission denied

追加

2>>
&>>
find /etc -name passwd >> westos.out ##追加正确输出
find /etc -name passwd 2>> westos.out ##追加错误输出
find /etc -name passwd &>> westos.out ##追加所有输出
注意:追加和重定向功能类似,但是不会覆盖原文件内容

[westos@localhost Desktop]$  find /etc -name passwd >> westos.out
find: ‘/etc/pki/rsyslog’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/lvm/archive’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/lvm/backup’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/lvm/cache’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/dhcp’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/cups/ssl’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/nftables’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/sssd’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/grub.d’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/polkit-1/rules.d’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/polkit-1/localauthority’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/audit’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/named’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/libvirt’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/firewalld’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/sudoers.d’: Permission denied
[westos@localhost Desktop]$ find /etc -name passwd 2>> westos.out
/etc/pam.d/passwd
/etc/passwd
[westos@localhost Desktop]$ find /etc -name passwd &>> westos.out
[westos@localhost Desktop]$ cat westos.out
/etc/pam.d/passwd
/etc/passwd
/etc/pam.d/passwd
/etc/passwd
find: ‘/etc/pki/rsyslog’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/lvm/archive’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/lvm/backup’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/lvm/cache’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/dhcp’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/cups/ssl’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/nftables’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/sssd’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/grub.d’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/polkit-1/rules.d’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/polkit-1/localauthority’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/audit’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/named’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/libvirt’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/firewalld’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/sudoers.d’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/pki/rsyslog’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/lvm/archive’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/lvm/backup’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/lvm/cache’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/dhcp’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/cups/ssl’: Permission denied
/etc/pam.d/passwd
/etc/passwd
find: ‘/etc/nftables’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/sssd’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/grub.d’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/polkit-1/rules.d’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/polkit-1/localauthority’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/audit’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/named’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/libvirt’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/firewalld’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/sudoers.d’: Permission denied

管道 “|”

把前一条命令的输出变成输入传递到下一条命令进行操作
注意:

• 管道只处理正确输出
• 2>&1把编号为2的输入转换到编号为1的输出中
• tee 复制输出到指定位置
• 管道在一条命令中可以使用多次

[westos@localhost Desktop]$ cat file | tr 'a-z' 'A-Z' < file
FIND: ‘/ETC/PKI/RSYSLOG’: PERMISSION DENIED
FIND: ‘/ETC/LVM/ARCHIVE’: PERMISSION DENIED
FIND: ‘/ETC/LVM/BACKUP’: PERMISSION DENIED
FIND: ‘/ETC/LVM/CACHE’: PERMISSION DENIED
FIND: ‘/ETC/DHCP’: PERMISSION DENIED
FIND: ‘/ETC/CUPS/SSL’: PERMISSION DENIED
/ETC/PAM.D/PASSWD
/ETC/PASSWD
FIND: ‘/ETC/NFTABLES’: PERMISSION DENIED
FIND: ‘/ETC/SSSD’: PERMISSION DENIED
FIND: ‘/ETC/GRUB.D’: PERMISSION DENIED
FIND: ‘/ETC/POLKIT-1/RULES.D’: PERMISSION DENIED
FIND: ‘/ETC/POLKIT-1/LOCALAUTHORITY’: PERMISSION DENIED
FIND: ‘/ETC/AUDIT’: PERMISSION DENIED
FIND: ‘/ETC/NAMED’: PERMISSION DENIED
FIND: ‘/ETC/LIBVIRT’: PERMISSION DENIED
FIND: ‘/ETC/FIREWALLD’: PERMISSION DENIED
FIND: ‘/ETC/SUDOERS.D’: PERMISSION DENIED

[westos@localhost Desktop]$ find /etc/ -name passwd 2>&1 | wc -l
18
[westos@localhost Desktop]$ find /etc/ -name passwd 2>&1 | tee file |  wc -l
18

在普通用户下执行命令完成以下操作:
1.查找/etc/下的passwd文件屏蔽错误输出
2.查找/etc/下的passwd文件正确输出保存到/tmp目录中的westos.out中,错误输出保存到/tmp/目录中的westos.err中
3.查找/etc/下的passwd文件保存所有输出到/tmp目录中的westos.all中并统计输入的行数
4.查找/etc/下的passwd文件统计输出行数并显示输出内容
5.转换/etc/目录中passwd文件中的所有字母为大写并统计文件行数
7.请用脚本非交互模式编写文件westos.file内容为:
hello linux
hello westos
hello linux
westos linux is very nice !!

[westos@localhost Desktop]$ find /etc/ -name passwd 2> /dev/null
/etc/pam.d/passwd
/etc/passwd
[westos@localhost Desktop]$ find /etc/ -name passwd  > /tmp/westoa.out 2> /tmp/westos.err
[westos@localhost Desktop]$ find /etc/ -name passwd  2>&1 | tee /tmp/westoa.all | wc -l
18
[westos@localhost Desktop]$ find /etc/ -name passwd 2>&1 | tee /dev/pts/0 | wc -l
[westos@localhost Desktop]$ tr 'a-z' 'A-Z' < /etc/passwd | tee /dev/pts/0 | wc -l

[westos@localhost Desktop]$ vim westos.sh
cat > westos.file << EOF
hello linux
hello world
hello world
westos linux is very nice !!
EOF
[westos@localhost Desktop]$ sh westos.sh 
[westos@localhost Desktop]$ cat westos.file 
hello linux
hello world
hello world
westos linux is very nice !!