Linux基础12(HTTP协议&web服务器)

第十二章、HTTP协议&web服务器

1.浏览器与服务器通信流程

2.HTTP协议：超文本传输协议

为什么叫超文本传输协议？
因为不仅仅可以传输文本，还可以传输图片、声音、视频等数据

1.请求报头与请求方法

2.应答报头与应答状态

3.web服务器的c语言实现

80号端口只有管理员才能使用，因此记得切换用户su
版本1：只交互一次，短连接

#include<stdlib.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<assert.h>
#include<sys/socket.h>
#include<arpa/inet.h>
#include<netinet/in.h>

int create_socket();
int main()
{
        int sockfd = create_socket();
        assert(sockfd != -1);

        //接收客户端的连接

        while(1)
        {
                struct sockaddr_in caddr;
                int len = sizeof(caddr);

                int c = accept(sockfd,(struct sockaddr*)&caddr,&len);

                if(c<0)
                {
                        continue;
                }

                char buff[1024] ={0};
                int n=recv(c,buff,1023,0);
                printf("n=%d,read:\n",n);
                printf("%s\n",buff);

                send(c,"hello",5,0);
                close(c);
        }

}
int create_socket()
{
        int sockfd =socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0);
        if(sockfd == -1)
        {
                return -1;
        }

        struct sockaddr_in saddr;
        memset(&saddr,0,sizeof(saddr));
        saddr.sin_family=AF_INET;
        saddr.sin_port=htons(80);
        saddr.sin_addr.s_addr=inet_addr("127.0.0.1");

        int res = bind(sockfd,(struct sockaddr*)&saddr,sizeof(saddr));
        if(res == -1)
        {
                return -1;
        }
        res = listen(sockfd,5);
        if(res == -1)
        {
                return -1;
        }
        return sockfd;
}

版本2:加入了组装的应答报文
版本一里面的应答报文只用了send()，发送了个hello，版本二自己组装一下。

#include<stdlib.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<assert.h>
#include<sys/socket.h>
#include<arpa/inet.h>
#include<netinet/in.h>

int create_socket();
int main()
{
        int sockfd = create_socket();
        assert(sockfd != -1);

        //接收客户端的连接

        while(1)
        {
                struct sockaddr_in caddr;
                int len = sizeof(caddr);

                int c = accept(sockfd,(struct sockaddr*)&caddr,&len);

                if(c<0)
                {
                        continue;
                }

                char buff[1024] ={0};
                int n=recv(c,buff,1023,0);
                printf("n=%d,read:\n",n);
                printf("%s\n",buff);
   新增内容   /
                char sendbuff[512]={0};
                strcpy(sendbuff,"HTTP/1.1 200 ok\r\n");//将版本信息写入 \r\n是换行
                strcat(sendbuff,"Server:myhttp\r\n");//拼接在上一行版本信息之后
                strcat(sendbuff,"Content-Length:5\r\n");//数据部分的大小--hello是5
                strcat(sendbuff,"\r\n");//用来分隔头部和数据部分
                strcat(sendbuff,"hello");//数据信息

                printf("send:\n%s\n",sendbuff);
                send(c,sendbuff,strlen(sendbuff),0);
                close(c); 
///
                //send(c,"hello",5,0);
                //close(c);
        }

}
int create_socket()
{
        int sockfd =socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0);
        if(sockfd == -1)
        {
                return -1;
        }

        struct sockaddr_in saddr;
        memset(&saddr,0,sizeof(saddr));
        saddr.sin_family=AF_INET;
        saddr.sin_port=htons(80);
        saddr.sin_addr.s_addr=inet_addr("127.0.0.1");

        int res = bind(sockfd,(struct sockaddr*)&saddr,sizeof(saddr));
        if(res == -1)
        {
                return -1;
        }
        res = listen(sockfd,5);
        if(res == -1)
        {
                return -1;
        }
        return sockfd;
}

启动服务器后，应答报文如下

root@lj-cp:/home/lijing/Desktop/L0403# ./myhttp
n=467,read:
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: 127.0.0.1
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:92.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/92.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,zh-TW;q=0.7,zh-HK;q=0.5,en-US;q=0.3,en;q=0.2
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Connection: keep-alive
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
Sec-Fetch-Dest: document
Sec-Fetch-Mode: navigate
Sec-Fetch-Site: none
Sec-Fetch-User: ?1


send:
HTTP/1.1 200 ok
Server:myhttp
Content-Length:5

hello

第三版（其实就是不断完善的过程）
第二版里面，无论给出什么样的请求，应答都是固定的。因此第三版将：解析请求的资源（显示html文件css文件等等）
思路：
1.可以采用切分字符串的方法
2.打开则显示，否则报错404

#include<stdlib.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<assert.h>
#include<sys/socket.h>
#include<arpa/inet.h>
#include<netinet/in.h>

int create_socket();
int main()
{
        int sockfd = create_socket();
        assert(sockfd != -1);

        //接收客户端的连接

        while(1)
        {
                struct sockaddr_in caddr;
                int len = sizeof(caddr);

                int c = accept(sockfd,(struct sockaddr*)&caddr,&len);

                if(c<0)
                {
                        continue;
                }

                char buff[1024] ={0};
                int n=recv(c,buff,1023,0);
                printf("n=%d,read:\n",n);
                printf("%s\n",buff);
   新增内容   /
							char * s=strtok(buff," "); //分隔符为空格
                if(s==NULL)
                {
                        //可以在close之前回复个404之类的信息
                        close(c);
                        continue;//准备接收下一个客户端连接
                }
                printf("请求方法:%s\n",s);

                s=strtok(NULL," "); //沿着刚才位置继续分割
                if(s==NULL)
                {
                        close(c);
                        continue;
                }

                printf("请求资源:%s\n",s);
                if(strcmp(s,"/")==0)
                {
                        s="/index.html";
                }

                char path[128]={"/home/lijing/Desktop/L0403"};//拼接一个文件路径
                strcat(path,s);

                int fd=open(path,O_RDONLY);
                if(fd ==-1)//打开失败应该恢复404的错误报文，这里只是简单发送个404
                {
                        send(c,"404",3,0);
                        close(c);
                        continue;
                }

                //获取文件大小，使用文件偏移lseek
                int size = lseek(fd,0,SEEK_END);//0表示在文件开头不动
                lseek(fd,0,SEEK_SET);//将偏移调回来，不要一直呆在文件末尾
						
///
                char sendbuff[512]={0};
                strcpy(sendbuff,"HTTP/1.1 200 ok\r\n");//将版本信息写入 \r\n是换行
                strcat(sendbuff,"Server:myhttp\r\n");//拼接在上一行版本信息之后
                strcat(sendbuff,"Content-Length:5\r\n");//数据部分的大小--hello是5
                strcat(sendbuff,"\r\n");//用来分隔头部和数据部分
                strcat(sendbuff,"hello");//数据信息

                printf("send:\n%s\n",sendbuff);
                send(c,sendbuff,strlen(sendbuff),0);
                close(c); 

                //send(c,"hello",5,0);
                //close(c);
        }

}
int create_socket()
{
        int sockfd =socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0);
        if(sockfd == -1)
        {
                return -1;
        }

        struct sockaddr_in saddr;
        memset(&saddr,0,sizeof(saddr));
        saddr.sin_family=AF_INET;
        saddr.sin_port=htons(80);
        saddr.sin_addr.s_addr=inet_addr("127.0.0.1");

        int res = bind(sockfd,(struct sockaddr*)&saddr,sizeof(saddr));
        if(res == -1)
        {
                return -1;
        }
        res = listen(sockfd,5);
        if(res == -1)
        {
                return -1;
        }
        return sockfd;
}