常用求导公式
( x a ) ′ = a x a − 1 ( a 为常数 ) ( a x ) ′ = a x ln a ( e x ) ′ = e x ( log 2 x ) ′ = 1 x ln a ( l n ∣ x ∣ ) ′ = 1 x ( sin x ) ′ = cos x ( cos x ) ′ = − sin x ( arcsin x ) ′ = 1 1 − x 2 ( arccos x ) ′ = − 1 1 − x 2 ( cot x ) ′ = − csc 2 x ( arctan x ) ′ = 1 1 + x 2 ( a r c c o t x ) ′ = − 1 1 + x 2 ( sec x ) ′ = sec x tan x ( csc x ) ′ = − csc x cot x (x^a)'=ax^{a-1} (a为常数) \\ (a^x)'=a^x\ln{a} \\ (e^x)'=e^x \\ (\log_2{x})'=\frac{1}{x\ln{a}} \\ (ln{|x|})'= \frac{1}{x} \\ (\sin{x})' = \cos{x} \\ (\cos{x})' = -\sin{x} \\ (\arcsin{x})' = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} \\ (\arccos{x})' = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} \\ (\cot{x})' = -\csc^2{x} \\ (\arctan{x})' = \frac{1}{1+x^2} \\ (arccot{x})' = -\frac{1}{1+x^2} \\ (\sec{x})' = \sec{x}\tan{x} \\ (\csc{x})' = - \csc{x}\cot{x} \\ (xa)′=axa−1(a为常数)(ax)′=axlna(ex)′=ex(log2x)′=xlna1(ln∣x∣)′=x1(sinx)′=cosx(cosx)′=−sinx(arcsinx)′=1−x21(arccosx)′=−1−x21(cotx)′=−csc2x(arctanx)′=1+x21(arccotx)′=−1+x21(secx)′=secxtanx(cscx)′=−cscxcotx
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[\ln(x+\sqrt{x^2+1})]' = \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+1}} \\
[ln(x+x2+1)]′=x2+11
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[\ln(x+\sqrt{x^2-1})]' = \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2-1}} \\
[ln(x+x2−1)]′=x2−11
高阶求导公式
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常用等价无穷小
sin x ∼ x . tan x ∼ x . arctan x ∼ x . ln ( 1 + x ) ∼ x . e x − 1 ∼ x . a x − 1 ∼ x ln ( a ) . 1 − cos x ∼ 1 2 x 2 . ( 1 + x ) a − 1 ∼ a x . \sin{x} \sim x.\\ \tan{x} \sim x.\\ \arctan{x} \sim x.\\ \ln(1+x) \sim x.\\ e^x-1 \sim x.\\ a^x-1 \sim x\ln(a).\\ 1-\cos{x} \sim \frac{1}{2}x^{2}.\\ (1+x)^a-1 \sim ax. sinx∼x.tanx∼x.arctanx∼x.ln(1+x)∼x.ex−1∼x.ax−1∼xln(a).1−cosx∼21x2.(1+x)a−1∼ax.
泰勒公式
求极限速查
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\sin{x}=x-{x^{3} \over 3!}+\omicron(x^{3})\,.\\ \arcsin{x}=x+{x^{3} \over 3!}+\omicron(x^{3})\,.\\ \arctan{x}=x-{x^{3} \over 3}+\omicron(x^{3})\,.\\ \arctan{x}=x+{x^{3} \over 3}+\omicron(x^{3})\,.\\ \cos{x}=1-{x^{2} \over 2!}+{x^{4} \over 4!}+\omicron(x^{4})\,.\\ e^x=1+x+{x^{2} \over 2!}+{x^{3} \over 3!}+\omicron(x^{3}).\\ \ln(1+x)=x-\frac{x^{2}}{2}+\frac{x^{3}}{3}+\omicron(x^{3}).\\ (1+x)^a=1+ax+\frac{a(a-1)}{2!}x^{2}+\omicron(x^{2})
sinx=x−3!x3+ο(x3).arcsinx=x+3!x3+ο(x3).arctanx=x−3x3+ο(x3).arctanx=x+3x3+ο(x3).cosx=1−2!x2+4!x4+ο(x4).ex=1+x+2!x2+3!x3+ο(x3).ln(1+x)=x−2x2+3x3+ο(x3).(1+x)a=1+ax+2!a(a−1)x2+ο(x2)
带拉格朗日余项的n阶泰勒公式
f ( x ) = f ( x 0 ) + f ′ ( x 0 ) ( x − x 0 ) + 1 2 ! f ′ ′ ( x 0 ) ( x − x 0 ) 2 + ⋯ + 1 n ! f ( n ) ( x 0 ) ( x − x 0 ) n + f ( n + 1 ) ( ξ ) ( n + 1 ) ! ( x − x 0 ) n + 1 f(x)=f(x_0)+f'(x_0)(x-x_0)+\frac{1}{2!}f''(x_0)(x-x_0)^2+\dots+\frac{1}{n!}f^{(n)}(x_0)(x-x_0)^n+\frac{f^{(n+1)}(\xi)}{(n+1)!}(x-x_0)^{n+1} f(x)=f(x0)+f′(x0)(x−x0)+2!1f′′(x0)(x−x0)2+⋯+n!1f(n)(x0)(x−x0)n+(n+1)!f(n+1)(ξ)(x−x0)n+1
带佩亚诺余项的n阶泰勒公式
f ( x ) = f ( x 0 ) + f ′ ( x 0 ) ( x − x 0 ) + 1 2 ! f ′ ′ ( x 0 ) ( x − x 0 ) 2 + ⋯ + 1 n ! f ( n ) ( x 0 ) ( x − x 0 ) n + ο ( ( x − x 0 ) n ) f(x)=f(x_0)+f'(x_0)(x-x_0)+\frac{1}{2!}f''(x_0)(x-x_0)^2+\dots+\frac{1}{n!}f^{(n)}(x_0)(x-x_0)^n+\omicron((x-x_0)^n) f(x)=f(x0)+f′(x0)(x−x0)+2!1f′′(x0)(x−x0)2+⋯+n!1f(n)(x0)(x−x0)n+ο((x−x0)n)
麦克劳林公式
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f(x)=f(0)+f'(0)x+\frac{f''(0)}{2!}x^2+\dots+\frac{f^{n}(0)}{n!}x^n+\frac{f^{n+1}(0)}{(n+1)!}x^{n+1}
f(x)=f(0)+f′(0)x+2!f′′(0)x2+⋯+n!fn(0)xn+(n+1)!fn+1(0)xn+1
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f(x)=f(0)+f'(0)x+\frac{f''(0)}{2!}x^2+\dots+\frac{f^{n}(0)}{n!}x^n+\omicron(x^n)
f(x)=f(0)+f′(0)x+2!f′′(0)x2+⋯+n!fn(0)xn+ο(xn)
常见函数泰勒展开成幂级数
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e^x = \displaystyle\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{x^n}{n!}, \space -\infty<x<+\infty
ex=n=0∑∞n!xn, −∞<x<+∞
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\frac{1}{1+x} = \displaystyle\sum_{n=0}^\infty (-1)^n x^n, \space \textcolor{#990000}{-1<x<1}
1+x1=n=0∑∞(−1)nxn, −1<x<1
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\frac{1}{1-x} = \displaystyle\sum_{n=0}^\infty x^n, \space \textcolor{#990000}{-1<x<1}
1−x1=n=0∑∞xn, −1<x<1
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\ln(1+x)= \displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^\infty (-1)^{n-1} \frac{x^n}{n}, \space \textcolor{#990000}{-1<x\leqslant 1}
ln(1+x)=n=1∑∞(−1)n−1nxn, −1<x⩽1
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\sin{x} = \displaystyle\sum_{n=0}^\infty (-1)^n \frac{x^{2n+1}}{(2n+1)!}, \space -\infty<x<+\infty
sinx=n=0∑∞(−1)n(2n+1)!x2n+1, −∞<x<+∞
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\cos{x} = \displaystyle\sum_{n=0}^\infty (-1)^n \frac{x^{2n}}{(2n)!}, \space -\infty<x<+\infty
cosx=n=0∑∞(−1)n(2n)!x2n, −∞<x<+∞
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(1+x)^\alpha = 1 + \alpha x + \frac{ \alpha( \alpha -1)}{2!} x^2 + \dots + \frac{ \alpha( \alpha -1) \dots (\alpha-n+1)}{n!} x^n + \dots, \space \begin{cases} x \in (-1,1) &\text{当 } \alpha \leqslant -1 \\ x \in (-1,1] &\text{当 } -1 < \alpha < 0 \\ x \in [-1,1] &\text{当 } \alpha >0 \text{且} \alpha \notin \mathbf{N}_+ \\ x \in \mathbf{R} &\text{当 } \alpha \in \mathbf{N}_+ \end{cases}
(1+x)α=1+αx+2!α(α−1)x2+⋯+n!α(α−1)…(α−n+1)xn+…, ⎩
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⎧x∈(−1,1)x∈(−1,1]x∈[−1,1]x∈R当 α⩽−1当 −1<α<0当 α>0且α∈/N+当 α∈N+
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