一.raid0搭建
Raid0:速度N倍,容量N倍,安全性较差。
实验准备:用/dev/sdb2和/dev/sdb2两个硬盘分区模拟硬盘搭建raid0(两块硬盘尽量一样大)
在这里插[root@local ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sdb 8:16 0 10G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 2G 0 part
├─sdb2 8:18 0 1G 0 part
├─sdb3 8:19 0 1G 0 part
1.安装mdadm
yum -y install mdadm
2.开始创建raid0
[root@local ~]# mdadm --create /dev/md0 -l 0 -n 2 /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdb3
mdadm: Fail to create md0 when using /sys/module/md_mod/parameters/new_array, fallback to creation via node
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.
//–create 创建软raid
//-l 指定raid级别
//-n 指定盘数
查看是否创建成功
[root@local ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sdb 8:16 0 10G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 2G 0 part
├─sdb2 8:18 0 1G 0 part
│ └─md0 9:0 0 2G 0 raid0
├─sdb3 8:19 0 1G 0 part
│ └─md0 9:0 0 2G 0 raid0
查看md0的详细信息
[root@local ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
Version : 1.2
Creation Time : Tue Oct 26 20:14:31 2021
Raid Level : raid0
Array Size : 2093056 (2044.00 MiB 2143.29 MB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 2
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Tue Oct 26 20:14:31 2021
State : clean
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 2
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
Chunk Size : 512K
Consistency Policy : unknown
Name : local:0 (local to host local)
UUID : b85fbe78:3647933d:30fa312c:d5acb942
Events : 0
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 18 0 active sync /dev/sdb2
1 8 19 1 active sync /dev/sdb3
为raid0磁盘列阵md0分区挂载使用
fdisk /dev/md0 //为/dev/md0分区
mkfs.xfs /dev/md0p1 //将分区格式化
mount /dev/md0p1 /root/u01/ //将/dev/md0p1挂载使用
[root@local ~]# df -h
文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/md0p1 1018M 33M 986M 4% /root/u01
[root@local ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sdb 8:16 0 10G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 2G 0 part
├─sdb2 8:18 0 1G 0 part
│ └─md0 9:0 0 2G 0 raid0
│ └─md0p1 259:0 0 1G 0 md /root/u01
├─sdb3 8:19 0 1G 0 part
│ └─md0 9:0 0 2G 0 raid0
│ └─md0p1 259:0 0 1G 0 md /root/u01
二.raid1搭建
Raid1:速度N的半数,容量只有一半,安全性最好。
实验准备:用/dev/sdb2和/dev/sdb2两个硬盘分区模拟硬盘搭建raid0(两块硬盘尽量一样大)。另外将其中一个盘id为fd
[root@local ~]# mdadm -E /dev/sdb
/dev/sdb:
MBR Magic : aa55
Partition[0] : 4194304 sectors at 2048 (type 83)
Partition[1] : 2097152 sectors at 4196352 (type fd)
Partition[2] : 2097152 sectors at 6293504 (type 83)
1.开始创建raid1
[root@local ~]# mdadm --create /dev/md1 -l 1 -n 2 /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdb3
mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and
may not be suitable as a boot device. If you plan to
store '/boot' on this device please ensure that
your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use
--metadata=0.90
Continue creating array? y
mdadm: Fail to create md1 when using /sys/module/md_mod/parameters/new_array, fallback to creation via node
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md1 started.
2.查看md1信息
[root@local ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md1
/dev/md1:
Version : 1.2
Creation Time : Tue Oct 26 21:02:58 2021
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 1046528 (1022.00 MiB 1071.64 MB)
Used Dev Size : 1046528 (1022.00 MiB 1071.64 MB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 2
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Tue Oct 26 21:03:03 2021
State : clean
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 2
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
Consistency Policy : unknown
Name : local:1 (local to host local)
UUID : ccd8eb1b:64d210e4:2d1e081d:c969553a
Events : 17
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 18 0 active sync /dev/sdb2
1 8 19 1 active sync /dev/sdb3
3.格式化md1:mkfs.xfs /dev/md1
4.挂载使用md1:mount /dev/md1 /root/u01
5.编写配置文件:mdadm -Ds >>/etc/mdadm.conf
6.测试raid1是否起作用
1).新建一个文件:echo “hi” >>/root/u01/file1
2).标记一个盘失效:
[root@local ~]# mdadm /dev/md1 -f /dev/sdb2
mdadm: set /dev/sdb2 faulty in /dev/md1
3).查看文件是否损坏:
[root@local ~]# cat /root/u01/file1
hi
三.raid5搭建
Raid5:速度N-1,容量N-1,读盘速度稍微快一些,写入相对效率低一些。但是综合安全性和硬盘利用率最好。
实验准备:用/dev/sdb2与/dev/sdb2和/dev/sdb6三个硬盘分区模拟硬盘搭建raid0(三块硬盘尽量一样大)。
[root@local ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sdb 8:16 0 10G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 2G 0 part
├─sdb2 8:18 0 1G 0 part
├─sdb3 8:19 0 1G 0 part
├─sdb4 8:20 0 1K 0 part
├─sdb5 8:21 0 2G 0 part
├─sdb6 8:22 0 1G 0 part
1.开始创建raid5
[root@local ~]# mdadm --create /dev/md5 -l 5 -n 3 /dev/sdb{2,3,6}
mdadm: Fail to create md5 when using /sys/module/md_mod/parameters/new_array, fallback to creation via node
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md5 started.
2.格式化
mkfs.xfs /dev/md5
如果格式化不成功使用 mkfs.xfs -f /dev/md5。-f是强制格式化,如果以前盘中有重要数据,不要使用该盘
3.挂载
mount /dev/md5 /root/u01
[root@local ~]# df -h
文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/md5 2.0G 33M 2.0G 2% /root/u01
[root@local ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sdb 8:16 0 10G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 2G 0 part
├─sdb2 8:18 0 1G 0 part
│ └─md5 9:5 0 2G 0 raid5 /root/u01
├─sdb3 8:19 0 1G 0 part
│ └─md5 9:5 0 2G 0 raid5 /root/u01
├─sdb4 8:20 0 1K 0 part
├─sdb5 8:21 0 2G 0 part
├─sdb6 8:22 0 1G 0 part
│ └─md5 9:5 0 2G 0 raid5 /root/u01
4.写入配置文件
mdadm -Ds >> /etc/mdadm.conf
5.测试
1).echo “hi” >>/root/u01/file1
2).2).标记一个盘失效:
[root@local ~]# mdadm /dev/md5 -f /dev/sdb2
mdadm: set /dev/sdb2 faulty in /dev/md1
[root@local ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md5 //查看md5信息
/dev/md5:
Version : 1.2
Creation Time : Tue Oct 26 22:23:42 2021
Raid Level : raid5
Array Size : 2093056 (2044.00 MiB 2143.29 MB)
Used Dev Size : 1046528 (1022.00 MiB 1071.64 MB)
Raid Devices : 3
Total Devices : 3
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Tue Oct 26 22:25:53 2021
State : clean, degraded
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 2
Failed Devices : 1 //已经失效了一个盘
Spare Devices : 0
Layout : left-symmetric
Chunk Size : 512K
Consistency Policy : unknown
Name : local:5 (local to host local)
UUID : 8fc9a70d:3e562690:44ff8b0e:a64ee89d
Events : 26
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
- 0 0 0 removed
1 8 19 1 active sync /dev/sdb3
3 8 22 2 active sync /dev/sdb6
0 8 18 - faulty /dev/sdb2
3).查看文件是否损坏:
[root@local ~]# cat /root/u01/file1
“hi”
4).将失效的盘删除
[root@local ~]# mdadm /dev/md5 -r /dev/sdb2
mdadm: hot removed /dev/sdb2 from /dev/md5
[root@local ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md5
/dev/md5:
Version : 1.2
Creation Time : Tue Oct 26 22:23:42 2021
Raid Level : raid5
Array Size : 2093056 (2044.00 MiB 2143.29 MB)
Used Dev Size : 1046528 (1022.00 MiB 1071.64 MB)
Raid Devices : 3
Total Devices : 2
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Tue Oct 26 22:29:03 2021
State : clean, degraded
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 2
Failed Devices : 0 //失效盘已经移除
Spare Devices : 0
Layout : left-symmetric
Chunk Size : 512K
Consistency Policy : unknown
Name : local:5 (local to host local)
UUID : 8fc9a70d:3e562690:44ff8b0e:a64ee89d
Events : 31
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
- 0 0 0 removed
1 8 19 1 active sync /dev/sdb3
3 8 22 2 active sync /dev/sdb6
5).添加备用盘
[root@local ~]# mdadm /dev/md5 -a /dev/sdb1
mdadm: added /dev/sdb1
[root@local ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md5
/dev/md5:
Version : 1.2
Creation Time : Tue Oct 26 22:23:42 2021
Raid Level : raid5
Array Size : 2093056 (2044.00 MiB 2143.29 MB)
Used Dev Size : 1046528 (1022.00 MiB 1071.64 MB)
Raid Devices : 3
Total Devices : 3
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Tue Oct 26 22:30:27 2021
State : clean, degraded, recovering
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 3
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 1 //备用盘数量1
Layout : left-symmetric
Chunk Size : 512K
Consistency Policy : unknown
Rebuild Status : 83% complete
Name : local:5 (local to host local)
UUID : 8fc9a70d:3e562690:44ff8b0e:a64ee89d
Events : 46
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
4 8 17 0 spare rebuilding /dev/sdb1
1 8 19 1 active sync /dev/sdb3
3 8 22 2 active sync /dev/sdb6
四.raid10搭建
Raid10:即Raid0+Raid1,即安全,又提高速度,但硬盘容量只有一半,速度达到N的一半。
实验准备:用/dev/sdb2与/dev/sdb3组成raid1;/dev/sdb6与/dev/sdb6组成raid1;再将它们两个组成的raid1组合成raid0。所以这里将/dev/sdb2和/dev/sdb6标记为fd
1.创建raid10
[root@local ~]# mdadm --create /dev/md1 -l 1 -n 2 /dev/sdb{2,3} //2、3组合成raid1
mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and
may not be suitable as a boot device. If you plan to
store '/boot' on this device please ensure that
your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use
--metadata=0.90
Continue creating array? y
mdadm: Fail to create md1 when using /sys/module/md_mod/parameters/new_array, fallback to creation via node
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md1 started.
[root@local ~]# mdadm --create /dev/md2 -l 1 -n 2 /dev/sdb{6,7} //6、7组成raid1
mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and
may not be suitable as a boot device. If you plan to
store '/boot' on this device please ensure that
your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use
--metadata=0.90
Continue creating array? y
mdadm: Fail to create md2 when using /sys/module/md_mod/parameters/new_array, fallback to creation via node
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md2 started.
[root@local ~]# mdadm --create /dev/md10 -l 0 -n 2 /dev/md{1,2}//两个raid1组成raid0
mdadm: Fail to create md10 when using /sys/module/md_mod/parameters/new_array, fallback to creationvia node
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md10 started.
2.查看raid10的信息
[root@local ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md10
/dev/md10:
Version : 1.2
Creation Time : Tue Oct 26 22:46:19 2021
Raid Level : raid0
Array Size : 2088960 (2040.00 MiB 2139.10 MB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 2
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Tue Oct 26 22:46:19 2021
State : clean
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 2
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
Chunk Size : 512K
Consistency Policy : unknown
Name : local:10 (local to host local)
UUID : cd9f35d9:7edf8d10:67f72109:c89f630a
Events : 0
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 9 1 0 active sync /dev/md1
1 9 2 1 active sync /dev/md2
3.格式化
mkfs.xfs /dev/md10
4.挂载使用
[root@local ~]# mount /dev/md10 /root/u01
[root@local ~]# df -h
文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/md10 2.0G 33M 2.0G 2% /root/u01
5.编写配置文件
mdadm -Ds >> /etc/mdadm.conf
6.开机自动挂载
vim /etc/fstab
五.删除linux中软raid方法:
1.解挂raid:umount /dev/md0
2.停止设备: mdadm -S /dev/md0
3.删除硬盘:mdadm --mic --zero-superblock /dev/md0
5.删除配置文件:rm -f /etc/mdadm.conf
6.如果之前将挂载信息写入自动挂载配置文件里,这里还有删除,/etc/fstab
六.将一个磁盘分区标记为fd
[root@local ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
欢迎使用 fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2)。
更改将停留在内存中,直到您决定将更改写入磁盘。
使用写入命令前请三思。
命令(输入 m 获取帮助):p
磁盘 /dev/sdb:10.7 GB, 10737418240 字节,20971520 个扇区
Units = 扇区 of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
扇区大小(逻辑/物理):512 字节 / 512 字节
I/O 大小(最小/最佳):512 字节 / 512 字节
磁盘标签类型:dos
磁盘标识符:0x212ba3bc
设备 Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 4196351 2097152 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 4196352 6293503 1048576 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 6293504 8390655 1048576 83 Linux
命令(输入 m 获取帮助):t
分区号 (1-3,默认 3):2
Hex 代码(输入 L 列出所有代码):fd
已将分区“Linux”的类型更改为“Linux raid autodetect”
命令(输入 m 获取帮助):p
磁盘 /dev/sdb:10.7 GB, 10737418240 字节,20971520 个扇区
Units = 扇区 of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
扇区大小(逻辑/物理):512 字节 / 512 字节
I/O 大小(最小/最佳):512 字节 / 512 字节
磁盘标签类型:dos
磁盘标识符:0x212ba3bc
设备 Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 4196351 2097152 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 4196352 6293503 1048576 fd Linux raid autodetect
/dev/sdb3 6293504 8390655 1048576 83 Linux
命令(输入 m 获取帮助):w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
正在同步磁盘。
[root@local ~]# partprobe /dev/sdb //同步信息给内核
[root@local ~]# mdadm -E /dev/sdb
/dev/sdb:
MBR Magic : aa55
Partition[0] : 4194304 sectors at 2048 (type 83)
Partition[1] : 2097152 sectors at 4196352 (type fd)
Partition[2] : 2097152 sectors at 6293504 (type 83)