第二章:数据清洗及特征处理
本章我们将学习缺失值、重复值、字符串和数据转换等操作,将数据清洗成可以分析或建模的样子。
2.1 缺失值观察与处理
2.1.1 任务一:缺失值观察
(1) 请查看每个特征缺失值个数
(2) 请查看Age, Cabin, Embarked列的数据 以上方式都有多种方式,所以大家多多益善
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import os
df = pd.read_csv('train.csv') #使用相对路径载入数据
df[['Age','Cabin','Embarked']].isna().head()#isna方法
Age | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|
0 | False | True | False |
1 | False | False | False |
2 | False | True | False |
3 | False | False | False |
4 | False | True | False |
df.info() #info 方法
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 891 entries, 0 to 890
Data columns (total 12 columns):
# Column Non-Null Count Dtype
--- ------ -------------- -----
0 PassengerId 891 non-null int64
1 Survived 891 non-null int64
2 Pclass 891 non-null int64
3 Name 891 non-null object
4 Sex 891 non-null object
5 Age 714 non-null float64
6 SibSp 891 non-null int64
7 Parch 891 non-null int64
8 Ticket 891 non-null object
9 Fare 891 non-null float64
10 Cabin 204 non-null object
11 Embarked 889 non-null object
dtypes: float64(2), int64(5), object(5)
memory usage: 83.7+ KB
df.isnull().sum() #每列有多少缺失值
PassengerId 0
Survived 0
Pclass 0
Name 0
Sex 0
Age 177
SibSp 0
Parch 0
Ticket 0
Fare 0
Cabin 687
Embarked 2
dtype: int64
2.1.2 任务二:对缺失值进行处理
(1)处理缺失值一般有几种思路
(2) 请尝试对Age列的数据的缺失值进行处理
(3) 请尝试使用不同的方法直接对整张表的缺失值进行处理
#挑出该列缺失值的行
df[df['Age'].isna()].head(5)
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 | 6 | 0 | 3 | Moran, Mr. James | male | NaN | 0 | 0 | 330877 | 8.4583 | NaN | Q |
17 | 18 | 1 | 2 | Williams, Mr. Charles Eugene | male | NaN | 0 | 0 | 244373 | 13.0000 | NaN | S |
19 | 20 | 1 | 3 | Masselmani, Mrs. Fatima | female | NaN | 0 | 0 | 2649 | 7.2250 | NaN | C |
26 | 27 | 0 | 3 | Emir, Mr. Farred Chehab | male | NaN | 0 | 0 | 2631 | 7.2250 | NaN | C |
28 | 29 | 1 | 3 | O'Dwyer, Miss. Ellen "Nellie" | female | NaN | 0 | 0 | 330959 | 7.8792 | NaN | Q |
df.dropna().head(3)
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S |
6 | 7 | 0 | 1 | McCarthy, Mr. Timothy J | male | 54.0 | 0 | 0 | 17463 | 51.8625 | E46 | S |
df.fillna(0).head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | 0 | S |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | 0 | S |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | 0 | S |
df[df['Age']==None]=0
df.head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S |
4.4重复值观察与处理
4.4.1任务一:请查看数据中的重复值
df[df.duplicated()]
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked |
---|
2.2.2 任务二:对重复值进行处理
(1)重复值有哪些处理方式呢?
(2)处理我们数据的重复值
df.drop_duplicates().head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S |
4.5 特征观察与处理
我们对特征进行一下观察,可以把特征大概分为两大类:
数值型特征:Survived ,Pclass, Age ,SibSp, Parch, Fare,其中Survived, Pclass为离散型数值特征,Age,
SibSp, Parch, Fare为连续型数值特征
文本型特征:Name, Sex, Cabin,Embarked, Ticket,其中Sex, Cabin, Embarked, Ticket为类别型文本特征。
数值型特征一般可以直接用于模型的训练,但有时候为了模型的稳定性及鲁棒性会对连续变量进行离散化。文本
型特征往往需要转换成数值型特征才能用于建模分析。
4.5.1 任务一:对年龄进行分箱(离散化)处理
(1) 分箱操作是什么?
(2) 将连续变量Age平均分箱成5个年龄段,并分别用类别变量12345表示
(3) 将连续变量Age划分为[0,5) [5,15) [15,30) [30,50) [50,80)五个年龄段,并分别用类别变量12345表示
(4) 将连续变量Age按10% 30% 50 70% 90%五个年龄段,并用分类变量12345表示
(5) 将上面的获得的数据分别进行保存,保存为csv格式
#将连续变量Age平均分箱成5个年龄段,并分别用类别变量12345表示
df['AgeBand'] = pd.cut(df['Age'], 5,labels = ['1','2','3','4','5'])
df.head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | AgeBand | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S | 2 |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C | 3 |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S | 2 |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S | 3 |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S | 3 |
#将连续变量Age划分为[0,5) [5,15) [15,30) [30,50) [50,80)五个年龄段,并分别用类别变量12345表示
df['AgeBand'] = pd.cut(df['Age'],[0,5,15,30,50,80],labels = ['1','2','3','4','5'])
df.head(3)
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | AgeBand | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S | 3 |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C | 4 |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S | 3 |
#将连续变量Age按10% 30% 50 70% 90%五个年龄段,并用分类变量12345表示
df['AgeBand'] = pd.qcut(df['Age'],[0,0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,0.9],labels = ['1','2','3','4','5'])
df.head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | AgeBand | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S | 2 |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C | 5 |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S | 3 |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S | 4 |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S | 4 |
4.5.2任务二:对文本变量进行转换
(1) 查看文本变量名及种类
(2) 将文本变量Sex, Cabin ,Embarked用数值变量12345表示
(3) 将文本变量Sex, Cabin, Embarked用one-hot编码表示#
#查看类别文本变量名及种类
#方法一: value_counts
df['Sex'].value_counts()
male 577
female 314
Name: Sex, dtype: int64
#方法二: unique
df['Sex'].unique()
array(['male', 'female'], dtype=object)
#将类别文本转换为12345
#方法一: replace
df['Sex_num'] = df['Sex'].replace(['male','female'],[1,2])
df.head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | AgeBand | Sex_num | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S | 2 | 1 |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C | 5 | 2 |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S | 3 | 2 |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S | 4 | 2 |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S | 4 | 1 |
#方法二: map
df['Sex_num'] = df['Sex'].map({'male': 1, 'female': 2})
df.head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | AgeBand | Sex_num | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S | 2 | 1 |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C | 5 | 2 |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S | 3 | 2 |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S | 4 | 2 |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S | 4 | 1 |
#方法三: 使用sklearn.preprocessing的LabelEncoder
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
for feat in ['Cabin', 'Ticket']:
lbl = LabelEncoder()
label_dict = dict(zip(df[feat].unique(), range(df[feat].nunique())))
df[feat + "_labelEncode"] = df[feat].map(label_dict)
df[feat + "_labelEncode"] = lbl.fit_transform(df[feat].astype(str))
df.head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | AgeBand | Sex_num | Cabin_labelEncode | Ticket_labelEncode | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S | 2 | 1 | 147 | 523 |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C | 5 | 2 | 81 | 596 |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S | 3 | 2 | 147 | 669 |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S | 4 | 2 | 55 | 49 |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S | 4 | 1 | 147 | 472 |
#将类别文本转换为one-hot编码
#方法一: OneHotEncoder
for feat in ["Age", "Embarked"]:
# x = pd.get_dummies(df["Age"] // 6)
# x = pd.get_dummies(pd.cut(df['Age'],5))
# 将分类变量转换为虚拟变量/指示变量,将一个变量Embarked,根据它的值(C、Q、S)转换为Embarked_C、Embarked_Q、Embarked_S三个变量(转化后有默认名,也可以利用prefix来自己修改)
x = pd.get_dummies(df[feat], prefix=feat)
#concat 沿着特定的轴连接pandas对象
df = pd.concat([df, x], axis=1)
#df[feat] = pd.get_dummies(df[feat], prefix=feat)
df.head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | ... | Age_65.0 | Age_66.0 | Age_70.0 | Age_70.5 | Age_71.0 | Age_74.0 | Age_80.0 | Embarked_C | Embarked_Q | Embarked_S | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
5 rows × 107 columns
4.5.3 任务三(附加):从纯文本Name特征里提取出Titles的特征
df['Title'] = df.Name.str.extract('([A-Za-z]+)\.', expand=False)
df.head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | ... | Age_66.0 | Age_70.0 | Age_70.5 | Age_71.0 | Age_74.0 | Age_80.0 | Embarked_C | Embarked_Q | Embarked_S | Title | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Mr |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Mrs |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Miss |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Mrs |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Mr |
5 rows × 108 columns