观察者模式(Observer Pattern):观察者模式定义了对象之间的一对多依赖,这样一来,当一个对象改变状态时,它的所有依赖者都会收到通知并自动更新。
主要解决:一个对象状态改变给其他对象通知的问题,而且要考虑到易用和低耦合,保证高度的协作。
推拉两种获取数据方式:
- 推:可以把数据当做数据对象的方式传给观察者
- 拉:通过getter方法获取数据
关键代码:在抽象类里有一个 ArrayList 存放观察者们。(如果使用JAVA 中已经有了对观察者模式的支持类则不需要
Observer和Observable)
松耦合的威力:
- 两个对象之间松耦合,他们可以交互,但是不太清楚彼此的细节
- 观察者模式提供了一种对象设计,让主题和观察者之间松耦合
- 主题只知道观察者对象实现了某个接口,而不知道观察者具体的细节
- 我们可以随时添加和删除观察者
适用性
- 当一个抽象模型有两个方面,其中一个方面依赖于另一方面。将这二者封装在独立的对象中以使它们可以各自独立地改变和复用。
- 当对一个对象的改变需要同时改变其它对象, 而不知道具体有多少对象有待改变。
- 当一个对象必须通知其它对象,而它又不能假定其它对象是谁。换言之,你不希望这些对象是紧密耦合的。
角色:
1.主题接口、实现
2.观察者接口、实现
要点
- 观察者模式定义了对象之间一对多的关系。
- 主题(也就是可观察者)用一个共同的接口来更新观察者。
- 观察者和可观察者之间用松耦合方式结合,可观察者不知道观察者的细节,只知道观察者实现了观察者接口。
- 使用此模式时,你可从被观察者处推或拉数据。
- 有多个观察者时,不可以依赖特定的通知次序。
- Java有多种观察者模式的实现,包括了通用的java.util.Observable。
- 要注意java.util.Observable实现上所带来的一些问题。Swing大量使用观察者模式,许多GUI框架也是如此。
- Java内置的观察者模式中Observable是一个类,你必须设计一个类去继承它。如果某类相同时具有Observable类和另一个超类的行为,就无法实现,因为java不支持多继承。
- Observable API将setChanged()方法保护了起来,除非继承自Observable类,否则无法创建Observable实例组合到自己的对象中,也违背了面向对象设计的第二个原则:多用组合,少用继承。
- 此模式也被应用在许多地方,例如:JavaBeans、RMI。
举例:实现一个气象监测系统,此系统的三个部分是气象站(获取实际气象数据的物理装置)、WeatherData对象(追踪来自气象站的数据,并更新布告板)和布告板(显示目前天气状况给用户看)(每个布告板根据相同数据展示的内容不同)
方式一:自己定义观察者接口
//主题接口
public interface Subject {
public void registerObserver(Observer o);
public void removeObserver(Observer o);
public void notifyObservers();
}
//主题实现类
public class WeatherData implements Subject {
private ArrayList<Observer> observers;
private float temperature;
private float humidity;
private float pressure;
public WeatherData() {
observers = new ArrayList<Observer>();
}
@Override
public void registerObserver(Observer o) {
observers.add(o);
}
@Override
public void removeObserver(Observer o) {
int i = observers.indexOf(o);
if (i >= 0) {
observers.remove(i);
}
}
@Override
public void notifyObservers() {
for (Observer observer : observers) {
observer.update(temperature, humidity, pressure);
}
}
public void measurementsChanged(){
notifyObservers();
}
public void setMeasurements(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure){
this.temperature = temperature;
this.humidity = humidity;
this.pressure = pressure;
measurementsChanged();
}
public float getTemperature() {
return temperature;
}
public float getHumidity() {
return humidity;
}
public float getPressure() {
return pressure;
}
}
//观察者接口
public interface Observer {
public void update(float temp, float humidity, float pressure);
}
//观察者共同行为接口
public interface DisplayElement {
public void display();
}
//观察者实现类
public class CurrentConditionsDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement {
private float temperature;
private float humidity;
private Subject weatherData;
public CurrentConditionsDisplay(Subject weatherData) {
this.weatherData = weatherData;
weatherData.registerObserver(this);
}
@Override
public void update(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure) {
this.temperature = temperature;
this.humidity = humidity;
display();
}
@Override
public void display() {
System.out.println("Current conditions: " + temperature
+ "F degrees and " + humidity + "% humidity");
}
}
public class ForecastDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement {
private float currentPressure = 29.92f;
private float lastPressure;
private Subject weatherData;
public ForecastDisplay(Subject weatherData) {
this.weatherData = weatherData;
weatherData.registerObserver(this);
}
@Override
public void update(float temp, float humidity, float pressure) {
lastPressure = currentPressure;
currentPressure = pressure;
display();
}
@Override
public void display() {
System.out.print("Forecast: ");
if (currentPressure > lastPressure) {
System.out.println("Improving weather on the way!");
} else if (currentPressure == lastPressure) {
System.out.println("More of the same");
} else if (currentPressure < lastPressure) {
System.out.println("Watch out for cooler, rainy weather");
}
}
}
public class StatisticsDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement {
private float maxTemp = 0.0f;
private float minTemp = 200;
private float tempSum = 0.0f;
private int numReadings;
private Subject weatherData;
public StatisticsDisplay(Subject weatherData) {
this.weatherData = weatherData;
weatherData.registerObserver(this);
}
@Override
public void update(float temp, float humidity, float pressure) {
tempSum += temp;
numReadings++;
if (temp > maxTemp) {
maxTemp = temp;
}
if (temp < minTemp) {
minTemp = temp;
}
display();
}
@Override
public void display() {
System.out.println("Avg/Max/Min temperature = " + (tempSum / numReadings)
+ "/" + maxTemp + "/" + minTemp);
}
}
public class HeatIndexDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement {
private float heatIndex = 0.0f;
private Subject weatherData;
public HeatIndexDisplay(Subject weatherData) {
this.weatherData = weatherData;
weatherData.registerObserver(this);
}
@Override
public void update(float temp, float humidity, float pressure) {
heatIndex = computeHeatIndex(temp, humidity);
display();
}
private float computeHeatIndex(float t, float rh) {
float index = (float) ((16.923 + (0.185212 * t) + (5.37941 * rh) - (0.100254 * t * rh)
+ (0.00941695 * (t * t)) + (0.00728898 * (rh * rh))
+ (0.000345372 * (t * t * rh)) - (0.000814971 * (t * rh * rh)) +
(0.0000102102 * (t * t * rh * rh)) - (0.000038646 * (t * t * t)) + (0.0000291583 *
(rh * rh * rh)) + (0.00000142721 * (t * t * t * rh)) +
(0.000000197483 * (t * rh * rh * rh)) - (0.0000000218429 * (t * t * t * rh * rh)) +
0.000000000843296 * (t * t * rh * rh * rh)) -
(0.0000000000481975 * (t * t * t * rh * rh * rh)));
return index;
}
@Override
public void display() {
System.out.println("Heat index is " + heatIndex);
}
}
//测试类
public class WeatherStationHeatIndex {
public static void main(String[] args){
WeatherData weatherData = new WeatherData();
CurrentConditionsDisplay currentDisplay = new CurrentConditionsDisplay(weatherData);
StatisticsDisplay statisticsDisplay = new StatisticsDisplay(weatherData);
ForecastDisplay forecastDisplay = new ForecastDisplay(weatherData);
HeatIndexDisplay heatIndexDisplay = new HeatIndexDisplay(weatherData);
weatherData.setMeasurements(80, 65, 30.4f);
weatherData.setMeasurements(82, 70, 29.2f);
weatherData.setMeasurements(78, 90, 29.2f);
}
}
方式二:使用JAVA已有观察者模式支持接口及类(有弊端)
提供““拉”的数据获取方式:通过getter方法获取数据
使用JAVA 中已经有了对观察者模式的支持类及接口:Observer(代替观察者接口)和Observable(代替主题接口,主题类不用list)
//主题类
public class WeatherData extends Observable {
private float temperature;
private float humidity;
private float pressure;
public WeatherData() {
}
public void measurementsChanged(){
setChanged();
notifyObservers();
}
public void setMeasurements(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure) {
this.temperature = temperature;
this.humidity = humidity;
this.pressure = pressure;
measurementsChanged();
}
public float getTemperature() {
return temperature;
}
public float getHumidity() {
return humidity;
}
public float getPressure() {
return pressure;
}
}
//观察者共同行为接口
public interface DisplayElement {
public void display();
}
//观察者实现类
public class CurrentConditionsDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement {
private Observable observable;
private float temperature;
private float humidity;
public CurrentConditionsDisplay(Observable observable) {
this.observable = observable;
observable.addObserver(this);
}
@Override
public void display() {
System.out.println("Current conditions: " + temperature
+ "F degrees and " + humidity + "% humidity");
}
@Override
public void update(Observable o, Object arg) {
if (o instanceof WeatherData) {
WeatherData weatherData = (WeatherData) o;
this.temperature = weatherData.getTemperature();
this.humidity = weatherData.getHumidity();
display();
}
}
}
public class ForecastDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement {
private float currentPressure = 29.92f;
private float lastPressure;
public ForecastDisplay(Observable observable) {
observable.addObserver(this);
}
@Override
public void display() {
System.out.print("Forecast: ");
if(currentPressure > lastPressure){
System.out.println("Improving weather on the way!");
}else if(currentPressure == lastPressure){
System.out.println("More of the same");
}else{
System.out.println("Watch out for cooler, rainy weather");
}
}
@Override
public void update(Observable o, Object arg) {
if (o instanceof WeatherData) {
WeatherData weatherData = (WeatherData) o;
lastPressure = currentPressure;
currentPressure = weatherData.getPressure();
display();
}
}
}
public class StatisticsDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement {
private float maxTemp = 0.0f;
private float minTemp = 200;
private float tempSum= 0.0f;
private int numReadings;
public StatisticsDisplay(Observable observable) {
observable.addObserver(this);
}
public void update(Observable observable, Object arg) {
if (observable instanceof WeatherData) {
WeatherData weatherData = (WeatherData)observable;
float temp = weatherData.getTemperature();
tempSum += temp;
numReadings++;
if (temp > maxTemp) {
maxTemp = temp;
}
if (temp < minTemp) {
minTemp = temp;
}
display();
}
}
public void display() {
System.out.println("Avg/Max/Min temperature = " + (tempSum / numReadings)
+ "/" + maxTemp + "/" + minTemp);
}
}
public class HeatIndexDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement {
float heatIndex = 0.0f;
public HeatIndexDisplay(Observable observable) {
observable.addObserver(this);
}
public void update(Observable observable, Object arg) {
if (observable instanceof WeatherData) {
WeatherData weatherData = (WeatherData)observable;
float t = weatherData.getTemperature();
float rh = weatherData.getHumidity();
heatIndex = (float)
(
(16.923 + (0.185212 * t)) +
(5.37941 * rh) -
(0.100254 * t * rh) +
(0.00941695 * (t * t)) +
(0.00728898 * (rh * rh)) +
(0.000345372 * (t * t * rh)) -
(0.000814971 * (t * rh * rh)) +
(0.0000102102 * (t * t * rh * rh)) -
(0.000038646 * (t * t * t)) +
(0.0000291583 * (rh * rh * rh)) +
(0.00000142721 * (t * t * t * rh)) +
(0.000000197483 * (t * rh * rh * rh)) -
(0.0000000218429 * (t * t * t * rh * rh)) +
(0.000000000843296 * (t * t * rh * rh * rh)) -
(0.0000000000481975 * (t * t * t * rh * rh * rh)));
display();
}
}
public void display() {
System.out.println("Heat index is " + heatIndex);
}
}
//测试类
public class WeatherStationHeatIndex {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WeatherData weatherData = new WeatherData();
CurrentConditionsDisplay currentConditions = new CurrentConditionsDisplay(weatherData);
StatisticsDisplay statisticsDisplay = new StatisticsDisplay(weatherData);
ForecastDisplay forecastDisplay = new ForecastDisplay(weatherData);
HeatIndexDisplay heatIndexDisplay = new HeatIndexDisplay(weatherData);
weatherData.setMeasurements(80, 65, 30.4f);
weatherData.setMeasurements(82, 70, 29.2f);
weatherData.setMeasurements(78, 90, 29.2f);
}
}