2 MySQL索引创建与删除
2.1 问题
本案例要求熟悉MySQL索引的类型及操作方法,主要练习以下任务:
普通索引、唯一索引、主键索引的创建/删除
自增主键索引的创建/删除
建立员工表yg、工资表gz,数据内容如表-1、表-2所示,设置外键实现同步更新与同步删除
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表-1 员工表yg的数据
表-2 工资表gz的数据
2.2 步骤
实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。
步骤一:索引的创建与删除
创建表的时候指定INDEX索引字段
创建库home:
mysql> create database home;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
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允许有多个INDEX索引字段。比如,以下操作在home库中创建了tea4表,将其中的id、name作为索引字段:
mysql> USE home;
Database changed
mysql> CREATE TABLE tea4(
-> id char(6) NOT NULL,
-> name varchar(6) NOT NULL,
-> age int(3) NOT NULL,
-> gender ENUM('boy','girl') DEFAULT 'boy',
-> INDEX(id),INDEX(name)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.59 sec)
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查看新建tea4表的字段结构,可以发现两个非空索引字段的KEY标志为MUL:
mysql> DESC tea4;
+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | char(6) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
| name | varchar(6) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
| age | int(3) | NO | | NULL | |
| gender | enum('boy','girl') | YES | | boy | |
+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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2)删除现有表的某个INDEX索引字段
比如,删除tea4表中名称为named的INDEX索引字段:
mysql> drop INDEX name ON tea4; //删除name字段的索引
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.18 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> DESC tea4; //确认删除结果
+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | char(6) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
| name | varchar(6) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | int(3) | NO | | NULL | |
| gender | enum('boy','girl') | YES | | boy | |
+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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3)在已有的某个表中设置INDEX索引字段
比如,针对tea4表的age字段建立索引,名称为 nianling:
mysql> CREATE INDEX nianling ON tea4(age); //针对指定字段创建索引
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.62 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> DESC tea4; //确认创建结果
+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | char(6) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
| name | varchar(6) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | int(3) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
| gender | enum('boy','girl') | YES | | boy | |
+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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4)查看指定表的索引信息
使用SHOW INDEX 指令:
mysql> SHOW INDEX FROM tea4\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: tea4
Non_unique: 1
Key_name: id
Seq_in_index: 1
Column_name: id
Collation: A
Cardinality: 0
Sub_part: NULL
Packed: NULL
Null:
Index_type: BTREE //使用B树算法
Comment:
Index_comment:
*************************** 2. row ***************************
Table: tea4
Non_unique: 1
Key_name: nianling //索引名称
Seq_in_index: 1
Column_name: age //字段名称
Collation: A
Cardinality: 0
Sub_part: NULL
Packed: NULL
Null:
Index_type: BTREE
Comment:
Index_comment:
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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5)创建表的时候指定UNIQUE索引字段
UNIQUE表示唯一性的意思,同一个表中可以有多个字段具有唯一性。
比如,创建tea5表,将id、name字段建立设置UNIQUE索引,age字段设置INDEX索引:
mysql> CREATE TABLE tea5(
-> id char(6),
-> name varchar(4) NOT NULL,
-> age int(3) NOT NULL,
-> UNIQUE(id),UNIQUE(name),INDEX(age)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.30 sec)
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查看新建tea5表的字段结构,可发现UNIQUE字段的KEY标志为UNI;另外,由于字段name必须满足“NOT NULL”的非空约束,所以将其设置为UNIQUE后会自动变成了PRIMARY KEY主键字段:
mysql> DESC tea5; //确认设置结果
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | char(6) | YES | UNI | NULL | |
| name | varchar(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| age | int(3) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.03 sec)
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6)删除UNIQUE索引、在已有的表中设置UNIQUE索引字段
先删除tea5表name字段的唯一索引(与删除INDEX索引的方法相同):
mysql> DROP INDEX name ON tea5; //清除UNIQUE索引
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.97 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> DESC tea5; //确认删除结果
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | char(6) | YES | UNI | NULL | |
| name | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | int(3) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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重新为tea5表的name字段建立UNIQUE索引,并确认结果:
mysql> CREATE UNIQUE INDEX name ON tea5(name); //建立UNIQUE索引
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.47 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> DESC tea5; //确认设置结果
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | char(6) | YES | UNI | NULL | |
| name | varchar(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| age | int(3) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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7)建表时设置PRIMARY KEY主键索引
主键索引实际上在前面已经接触过了,建表的时候可以直接指定。如果表内一开始没有主键字段,则新设置的非空UNIQUE字段相当于具有PRIMARY KEY主键约束。
每个表中的主键字段只能有一个。
建表的时候,可以直接在某个字段的“约束条件”部分指定PRIMARY KEY;也可以在最后指定PRIMARY KEY(某个字段名)。比如:
mysql> CREATE TABLE biao01(
-> id int(4) PRIMARY KEY, //直接在字段定义时约束
-> name varchar(8)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.19 sec)
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或者:
mysql> CREATE TABLE biao02(
-> id int(4),
-> name varchar(8),
-> PRIMARY KEY(id) //所有字段定义完,最后指定
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec)
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在建表的时候,如果主键字段为int类型,还可以为其设置AUTO_INCREMENT自增属性,这样当添加新的表记录时,此字段的值会自动从1开始逐个增加,无需手动指定。比如,新建一个tea6表,将id列作为自增的主键字段:
mysql> CREATE TABLE tea6(
-> id int(4) AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> name varchar(4) NOT NULL,
-> age int(2) NOT NULL,
-> PRIMARY KEY(id)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.29 sec)
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8)删除现有表的PRIMARY KEY主键索引
如果要移除某个表的PRIMARY KEY约束,需要通过ALTER TABLE指令修改。比如,以下操作将清除biao01表的主键索引。
清除前(主键为id):
mysql> DESC biao01;
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| name | varchar(8) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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清除操作:
mysql> ALTER TABLE biao01 DROP PRIMARY KEY;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.49 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
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清除后(无主键):
mysql> DESC biao01;
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(4) | NO | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(8) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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当尝试删除tea6表的主键时,会出现异常:
mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 DROP PRIMARY KEY;
ERROR 1075 (42000): Incorrect table definition; there can be only one auto column and it must be defined as a key
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这是因为tea6表的主键字段id具有AUTO_INCREMNET自增属性,提示这种字段必须作为主键存在,因此若要清除此主键必须先清除自增属性——修改id列的字段定义:
mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 MODIFY id int(4) NOT NULL;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.75 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
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然后再清除主键属性就OK了:
mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 DROP PRIMARY KEY; //清除主键
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.39 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> desc tea6; //确认清除结果
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(4) | NO | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | int(2) | NO | | NULL | |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
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9)为现有表添加PRIMARY KEY主键索引
重新为tea6表指定主键字段,仍然使用id列:
mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 ADD PRIMARY KEY(id); //设置主键字段
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.35 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> DESC tea6; //确认设置结果
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| name | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | int(2) | NO | | NULL | |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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步骤二:创建数据库并设置外键实现同步更新与同步删除
根据实验任务要求,两个表格的字段结构如表-1、表-2所示。
1)创建yg表,用来记录员工工号、姓名
其中yg_id列作为主键,并设置自增属性
mysql> CREATE TABLE yg(
-> yg_id int(4) AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> name char(16) NOT NULL,
-> PRIMARY KEY(yg_id)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.15 sec)
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2)创建gz表,用来记录员工的工资信息
其中gz_id需要参考员工工号,即gz表的gz_id字段设为外键,将yg表的yg_id字段作为参考键:
mysql> CREATE TABLE gz(
-> gz_id int(4) NOT NULL,
-> name char(16) NOT NULL,
-> gz float(7,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-> INDEX(name),
-> FOREIGN KEY(gz_id) REFERENCES yg(yg_id)
-> ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.23 sec)
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3)为yg表添加2条员工信息记录
因yg_id有AUTO_INCREMENT属性,会自动填充,所以只要为name列赋值就可以了。
插入表记录可使用INSERT指令,这里先执行下列操作,具体在下一章学习:
mysql> INSERT INTO yg(name) VALUES('Jerry'),('Tom');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.16 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
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确认yg表的数据记录:
mysql> SELECT * FROM yg;
+-------+-------+
| yg_id | name |
+-------+-------+
| 1 | Jerry |
| 2 | Tom |
+-------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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4)为gz表添加2条工资信息记录
同上,数据参考图-2,插入相应的工资记录(gz_id字段未指定默认值,也未设置自增属性,所以需要手动赋值):
mysql> INSERT INTO gz(gz_id,name,gz)
-> VALUES(1,'Jerry',12000),(2,'Tom',8000)
-> ;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.06 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
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确认gz表的数据记录:
mysql> SELECT * FROM gz;
+-------+-------+----------+
| gz_id | name | gz |
+-------+-------+----------+
| 1 | Jerry | 12000.00 |
| 2 | Tom | 8000.00 |
+-------+-------+----------+
2 rows in set (0.05 sec)
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5)验证表记录的UPDATE更新联动
将yg表中Jerry用户的yg_id修改为1234:
mysql> update yg SET yg_id=1234 WHERE name='Jerry';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
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确认修改结果:
mysql> SELECT * FROM yg;
+-------+-------+
| yg_id | name |
+-------+-------+
| 2 | Tom |
| 1234 | Jerry |
+-------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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同时也会发现,gz表中Jerry用户的gz_id也跟着变了:
mysql> SELECT * FROM gz;
+-------+-------+----------+
| gz_id | name | gz |
+-------+-------+----------+
| 1234 | Jerry | 12000.00 |
| 2 | Tom | 8000.00 |
+-------+-------+----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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6)验证表记录的DELETE删除联动
删除yg表中用户Jerry的记录:
mysql> DELETE FROM yg WHERE name='Jerry';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
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确认删除结果:
mysql> SELECT * FROM yg;
+-------+------+
| yg_id | name |
+-------+------+
| 2 | Tom |
+-------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
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查看gz表中的变化(Jerry的记录也没了):
mysql> SELECT * FROM gz;
+-------+------+---------+
| gz_id | name | gz |
+-------+------+---------+
| 2 | Tom | 8000.00 |
+-------+------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
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7)删除指定表的外键约束
先通过SHOW指令获取表格的外键约束名称:
mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE gz\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: gz
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `gz` (
`gz_id` int(4) NOT NULL,
`name` char(16) NOT NULL,
`gz` float(7,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0.00',
KEY `name` (`name`),
KEY `gz_id` (`gz_id`),
CONSTRAINT `gz_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`gz_id`) REFERENCES `yg` (`yg_id`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
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其中gz_ibfk_1即删除外键约束时要用到的名称。
删除操作:
mysql> ALTER TABLE gz DROP FOREIGN KEY gz_ibfk_1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
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确认删除结果:
mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE gz\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: gz
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `gz` (
`gz_id` int(4) NOT NULL,
`name` char(16) NOT NULL,
`gz` float(7,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0.00',
KEY `name` (`name`),
KEY `gz_id` (`gz_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
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